Class 13: Duplex Imaging of UEA & Hemodialysis Grafts Flashcards

1
Q

what are the normal waveforms for the upper extremity arteries?

A

triphasic or biphasic. may be monophasic if arm has been heated or exercised

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2
Q

at the stenosis in the UE, you can expect to see (high/low) velocity

A

high velocity

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3
Q

what is hemodialysis?

A

a treatment used in renal failure

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4
Q

what is a dialyzer?

A

machine used during hemodialysis that removes waste products from blood through a filter – acts like the kidneys

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5
Q

how often is hemodialysis treatment?

A

typically 3x/week for 3-5 hours

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6
Q

what is a fistula?

A

abnormal connection bw artery & vein

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7
Q

what is an access graft?

A

a synthetic material placed between artery & veinn

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8
Q

what is an access graft used for?

A

hemodialysis puncture

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9
Q

what is another name for an AV fistula?

A

brescia-cimino

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10
Q

what is the most recommended type of hemodialysis graft?

A

AV fistula

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11
Q

why is the AV fistula the most recommended type of hemodialysis graft?

A

it provides long-term patency with low complication rates

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12
Q

which arteries & veins does an AV fistula connect?

A

radial artery to cephalic vein
or
ulnar artery to basilic vein

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13
Q

what are the other types of grafts made from PTFE?

A
  1. straight grafts
  2. looped grafts
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14
Q

what is another name for PTFE?

A

gortex

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15
Q

what does PTFE stand for?

A

polytetrafluoroethylene

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16
Q

what artery & vein does the forearm straight graft connect?

A

radial artery to median antecubital v. or basilic v.

17
Q

what artery & vein does the upper arm reverse straight graft connect?

A

brachial a. to basilic v.

18
Q

what does the forearm looped graft connect?

A

brachial artery to cephalic v./ median cubital v./basilic v.

19
Q

what does the upper arm looped graft connect?

A

brachial a. to axillary v.

20
Q

what does the looped graft in the LE connect?

A

SFA to GSV

21
Q

what 5 areas do we need to evaluate for grafts?

A
  1. inflow artery
  2. PROX anastomotic area
  3. within graft
  4. DIST anastomotic area
  5. outflow vein
22
Q

what are you looking for when evaluating grafts?

A
  • aneurysms
  • leaks at puncture sites
  • peri-graft fluid collection
  • other abnormalities
23
Q

6 graft complications

A
  1. thrombosis/occlusion
  2. stenosis
  3. arterial steal syndrome
  4. venous hypertension
  5. aneurysm
  6. pseudoaneurysm
24
Q

PSV & EDV velocity & resistance within the graft?

A

both slightly elevated velocities with low resistance

25
a low PSV within a graft may be due to ____
arterial inflow problems
26
most common sites for stenosis with grafts?
1. venous anastomosis 2. outflow vein
27
what is arterial steal syndrome?
flow is stolen from the distal part of graft
28
what are 3 S&S of arterial steal syndrome?
1. pain with exertion of affected UE 2. pallor of affected UE 3. skin is cool distal to the graft
29
what size is problematic for a pseudoaneurysm for the UE?
> 1 cm
30
what can cause a pseudoaneurysm in the UE?
graft disintegration, problems at the site of graft anastomosis
31
what causes venous hypertension?
- retrograde venous flow - forearm loop graft with venous stenosis
32
2 S&S with a patient with venous hypertension?
1. hand swelling 2. venous stasis