Lecture 1 - Gareth Phoenix

Question 1

Devensian cold stage ..-..

Answer 1

115,000-10,000 BP

Question 2

Interstadials are periods of ..

Answer 2

warmth

Question 3

stadials are periods of ..

Answer 3

cold

Question 4

ICUDWLF

Answer 4

Ipswichian interglacial
Chelford interstadial
Upton Warren interstadial
Dimlington stadial
Windermere interstadial
Loch Lomond stadial

Question 5

Modern February temperature …

July …

Answer 5

4C

17C

Question 6

Chelford insterstadial was ….BP and had …, .. and .. trees.

February temperature …, July …

… and .. species

Answer 6

60,000
birch, pine and spruce
-10C, 17C
temperate, boreal

• brown bear, fox, red deer, spotted hyena, reindeer, wooly rhinoceros, horse, elk

Question 7

Upton Warren interstdial was ..-..BP and had … .. and .. (no trees)

February temperature …
July …C

Answer 7

42,000 - 38,000
Dwarf willows, birch
-15C
17C

• Thermophilous species and arctic alpines
• Mammoths etc.

Question 8

Dimlington Stadial was …BP and had the maximum extension of .. ..
It was a long cold period so larger .. forced …

Answer 8

21,000
Devensian Ice (had ice sheets)

herbivores, south

Question 9

Windermere interstadial was …BP

Had park-tundra vegetation with copses of … and had .. woods in south and east

July temperatures ..-..C

Answer 9

13,000
Birch, pine
17-18
-Also had reduction of ice caps

-Herb and moss tundra replaced by vegetation rich in shrubs, trees and woodland

Question 10

Loch Lomond stadial was … years long

Patchy .. and tundra, tree … and .. survived

July temperatures ..-..C

Caused by disruption in .. ..?

Answer 10

1000 (around 10,000BP)
Permafrost, birches, pine
10-12

Gulf stream

-

Question 11

Forest formation began around …BC

Answer 11

10,000

Question 12

Godwin zones formed based on stratigraphy of ..

Answer 12

peatlands

-It’s a climatic subdivision of post-glacial period

Question 13

Pre-Boreal was dated …BC, had a ..-.. climate and fits in the Godwinzone ..

Answer 13

9500
Sub-Arctic
IV

Question 14

Boreal is dated ..BC, had a .. and .. climate and fits in the Godwin zones .. and ..

Answer 14

7600
Warmer and dry
V, VI

-Zone V

Question 15

The Atlantic period is dated ..BC, had … and .. … climate and Godwin zone …

temperature up to ..C higher than today

Answer 15

5500
Warm and wet oceanic
VIIa
2.5C

• Forest Maximum occured during this time
• Drier than VIIb
• Trees highest altitudes and latitudes

Question 16

The sub-boreal period is dated …BC, had .. and .. .. climate and fit in Godwin zone …

Answer 16

3000
Warm, dry, continental
VIIb
-had rapid alder increase

Question 17

The sub-atlantic period is dated ..BC, had .. and .. .. climate and fit in Godwin zone …

This zone had a higher apperance of .. pollen than zone VII

Answer 17

500
Cool, wet, oceanic
VIII

birch

• also beech, hornbeam spores appeared
• and non-tree pollen increase relative to tree

Question 18

Godwin Zone VII is separated based on the .. ..

Answer 18

elm decline

• lime peaks during this
• alder also becomes important
• forest maxima

Question 19

Godwin Zone VI is known as the ..-.. periiod

includes expansion of …, …, … , …, …

Answer 19

hazel-pine

elm, hhzel, oak, lime , alder
-lots of pine

Question 20

Godwin Zone V is the ..-..-.. period

lasted ..–..BC
had .. expansion, NW .. dominance
S … dominance

Answer 20

hazel-birch-pine

7600-5500BC

hazel, birch, pine
-thermophilous evidence

Question 21

Zone IV is the post-glacial birch zone and .. is the dominant tree followed by …. and …

climate was … and period took place at …

Answer 21

birch, willows, juniper

sub-arctic
9500bc

-pine important in forests of south and east

Question 22

Zone III is the .. .. ..

Answer 22

Upper Dryas Zone (Loch Lomond stadial)

Question 23

Zone VII is the … ..

Answer 23

Allerod Interstadial (Windermere)
-Establishment of birch woods and copses

Question 24

Godwin zones I-III
……
… …
.. ..

Answer 24

Pre -windemere
windemere interstadial
loch llomond

Question 25

Forest maxima 
Birch restricted to .. ..
Pine north .. and ..., .. regions
Oak was .., .., ..
South and east regions had .. species

Answer 25

North scotland
upland, western, set
north, centeral, west
thermophilous