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Neuroanatomy-spring'16 > Lecture 01 > Flashcards

Lecture 01 Flashcards

1
Q

How does a cell develop into an embryonic cell

A

single cell –> morula –> blastula –> blastocyst –> embryonic disk
( with ectoderm and endoderm)

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2
Q

what does the endoderm turn into

A

viscera

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3
Q

what does the mesoderm become

A

bones and muscle

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4
Q

what does the ectoderm become

A

nervous system and skin

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5
Q

what is anencephaly

A

neural tube doesn’t form properly, brain doesn’t form properly

infant doesn’t usually survive

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6
Q

what is spina bifida

A

caudal end of spine does close properly

infant can survive depending on severity

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7
Q

what is induction

A

when structure produce signals that induce cells to

a. differentiate into different classes of neurons
b. form different anatomical structures

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8
Q

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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9
Q

what is the importance of the primitive streak

A

creates rostro/caudal symmetry

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10
Q

what does the midbrain differentiate into?

A

tectum (roof)
tegmentum (floor)
cerebral acqueduct

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11
Q

What orientation does the tectum have (ventral v. dorsal)

A

dorsal

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12
Q

what orientation does the tegmentum have (ventral v. dorsal)

A

ventral

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13
Q

what orientation does the cerebral aqueduct have (rostral v caudal)

A

rostrally

connects rostrally with 3rd ventricle of diencephalon

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14
Q

what is the fn of the tectum

A

head orienting movement based on auditory or visual cues

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15
Q

what system is the superior colliculi part of

A

visual

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16
Q

what system in the inferior colliculi part of

A

auditory

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17
Q

what is the fn of the tegmentum

A

involved in CONTROL of voluntary movements

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18
Q

what does the rhombencephalon differentiate into

A

metencephalon

mylencephalon

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19
Q

What is the orientation of the metenceph.

A

rostral

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20
Q

what is the orientation of the mylenceph

A

caudal

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21
Q

what does metenceph differentiate into

A

cerebellum

pons

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22
Q

what does mylenceph differentiate into

A

medulla

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23
Q

The rhombic lip is which wall (a) of which part of the rhombencephalon (b)

A

a) dorsolateral

b) metencephalon

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24
Q

the rhombic lip forms?

A

cerebellum

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25
Q

which wall forms the pons (a) and which part of the brain (b)

A

a) ventral

b) metencephalon (which is a differentiation of the rhombencephalon)

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26
Q

which walls form the medulla (a), which part of the rhombencephalon form the medulla (b)

A

a) ventral and lateral

b) mylencephalon

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27
Q

what type of matter are the medullary pyramids composed of

A

white matter

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28
Q

what do the medullary pyramids contribute to (which tract?)

A

cortico-spinal tract

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29
Q

which surface are the medullary pyramids on (ventral v dorsal)

A

ventral surface

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30
Q

Can you list four functions of the cerebellum?

A

fine movements
posture
equilibrium
motor learning

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31
Q

how do the spinal cord, pons, and cerebellum all work together?

A

spinal cord sends proprioceptive info which passes through pons

pons gets info form cortex which specify the goals of the movement

cerebellum helps coordinate those movements

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32
Q

how are the cerebral cortex axons and the pontine axons related?

A

cerebral cortex axons synapse with pontine axons which transfer info to the opposite side of the brain

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33
Q

what is the location where the medulla and spinal cord cross called?

A

pyramidal decussation

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34
Q

what part of the brain is the pyramidal decussation located in

A

myelencephalon

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35
Q

which sensory systems make connections in the medulla

A

sensory (cuneate and gracile nuclei)
auditory (cochlear muscle)
tase (gustatory muscle)

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36
Q

what type of neurons (motor v sensory ) descend from the lateral column- sensory or motor?

A

motor

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37
Q

what types of neurons (motor v sensory ) descend from ventral column?

A

motor for axial skeleton

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38
Q

what types of neurons ascend from ventral column

A

pain

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39
Q

what type of neurons are found in the dorsal column and root?

A

sensory

40
Q

what type of neuron is found in the ventral column and root?

A

motor

41
Q

what type of neurons are found in lateral horn

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

42
Q

in dorsal column, (a) sensory info travels (b-up or down) toward brain

A

a) somatic

b) up

43
Q

Six stages of wiring the brain

A
  1. cell proliferation
  2. cell differentiation
  3. cell migration
  4. axonal path-finding
  5. connectivity
  6. maturation
44
Q

between what two brain structures is the lateral ventricle located

A

above- cortex

below- basal telencephalon

45
Q

between what two brain structures is 3rd ventricle the located

A

above- thalamus

below- hypothalamus

46
Q

between what two brain structures is the cerebral aqueduct located

A

above- tectum

below- tegmentum

47
Q

between what two brain structures is the 4th ventricle located

A

above- cerebellum

below-pons+ medulla

48
Q

what types of divisions can happen in cell proliferation

A

symmetrical

asymmetrical

49
Q

what is the end result of a symmetrical division

A

two neuroblasts

50
Q

what is the end result of an asymmetrical division

A

one neuroblast

one progenitor cell

51
Q

what is special about progenitor cells

A

they can make a lot of stem cells

52
Q

Is the alar plate sensory or motor?

A

sensory

53
Q

is the basal plate sensory or motor

A

motor

54
Q

what does the ependymal layer produce (a)

what type of cells are found here (b)

A

a) CSF

b) neural stem cells

55
Q

in which layer do cell bodies of developing neurons develop

A

intermediate or mantle layer

56
Q

the (a) layer is involved in the process of developing neurons

A

marginal

57
Q

which layer is responsible for separating the motor from the sensory sides

A

sulcus limitans

58
Q

what is formed in the sulcus limitans? (and close by it, what system is formed?)

A

sensory + visceral system

somatic system

59
Q

the specialized tip of growing neurons is called?

A

growth cones

60
Q

what does the growth cone connect to in the extracellular matrix?

A

laminins and fibronectin

61
Q

the growth cone connects to fibronectin and laminin via?

A

integrin

62
Q

what does the growth cone use to bind to other neuronal elements

A

cadherins and CAMs

63
Q

what is the projection of the growth cone that decides the direction of the neuron

A

lamellipoda

64
Q

the tiny finger-line projections that form on the growth cones that explore the area and then disappear are called?

A

filopodia

65
Q

what are the two categories of informational molecules

A
  1. fixed signals

2. diffusable signals

66
Q

what do fixed signals do

A

they create molecular highways

67
Q

what are the two types of fixed signals

A

extracellular fixed signals

cell surface fixed signals

68
Q

what fn do diffisable signals serve

A

help with axon guidance

69
Q

which two adhesive molecules are found extracellularly

A

laminins

fibronectin

70
Q

which two adhesion molecules are used for cell surface fixed signaling

A

CAMs

cadherins

71
Q

(a) are calcium dependent

CAMS or cadherins

A

cadherins

72
Q

CAMS are not Ca2+ dependent. How do they act on growth cones?

A

via kinases

73
Q

the mechanism which causes axons to stick together

A

fasciculation

74
Q

what is the function of diffusible signals

A

create chemical gradients to repel or attract axons

75
Q

what two factors are used to create chemical gradients for the axons

A

tropic factor

trophic factors

76
Q

what is the fn of tropins

A

attract growing axons

77
Q

what is the fn of troPHins

A

support survival and growth of axons

I.O.W: life-sustainig factors

78
Q

what is netrin

A

chemo-attractant

79
Q

where is netrin found

A

very dense in the midline

80
Q

what role does netrin play with the growth cone

A

The growth cone has receptors for netrin. The growth cone searches for netrin. Netrin is highly concentrated in the midline. The growth cone, searching for netrin, moves towards the midline

81
Q

where is slit found

A

midline

82
Q

what is the fn of slit

A

chemorepellant

83
Q

what receptors does the growth cone have that allow it to bind with slit

A

robo

84
Q

what happens to the growth cone when it approaches slit

A

it gets repelled away from midline. axon leaves spinal cord and starts heading towards the brain

85
Q

fn of ephrins

A

repellant signal for temporal (posterior) retinal axons

86
Q

how does the [ ] of ephrins relate to it repelling ability

A

high [ ] in posterior tectum
low [ ] in anterior tectum
THUS
temporal (posterior) retinal axons repelled form posterior tectum but NOT form anterior tectum

87
Q

what is the synaptic cell adhesion molecule

A

SynCAM

88
Q

role of neurexin

A

helps vesicle binds to membrane right before synaptic gap so NT can be expelled into post synaptic cleft

89
Q

neurolignin

A

brings many receptors to membrane of post synapse so receptors can attach to contents expelled from presynapse

90
Q

If a motor neuron is activated it will ALWAYS cause the muscle to contract. T/F?

A

true

91
Q

steps to synapse formation

A

argin –> MuSk–> rapsyn –> ach receptors–> axon releases neuroregulin –> controls # of ash receptors –> Ca2+ entry into growth cone stimulated –> Ca2+ release in growth cone
- -> stimulate release of NT –> change shape of cytoskeleton of pre synapse to match post synapse

92
Q

what factor prevents apoptosis? tropin or trophic?

A

trophic

93
Q

apoptosis vs necrosis

A

apoptosis- programmed cell death

necrosis- accidental cell death from injury

94
Q

what 3 kinds of process in neurons do neurotrophins activate

A
  1. neuronal survival/death
  2. synapse stabilization/elimination
  3. neurite growth/ retraction
95
Q

what characteristics that describe a neurotrophin

A

1) absence of neurotrophin = neuronal death

2) surplus neurons survive in presences on neurotrophins

Neuroanatomy-spring'16 (18 decks)

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