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Neuroanatomy-spring'16 > Lecture 00 > Flashcards

Lecture 00 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of brain cells?

A

1) Neurons

2) Glia

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2
Q

What are the types of glia?

A

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes + Schwann cells
3) microglia

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3
Q

What is the job of a dendrite? (what system is it receiving information from and where does it send it?)

A

to receive a signal/information from PNS to CNS

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4
Q

what is the job of an axon? (what system is it receiving information from and where does it send it?)

A

to send a signal/information from CNS to PNS

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5
Q

synaptic ends are also called?

A

boutons

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6
Q

why does the brain use so much ATP

A

uses ATP to keep cells at RMP ( 1 ATP is used in every cell for the 3 Na + - 2 K + exchange)

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7
Q

Classifications of neurons are based on?

A

1) number of neuritis in the body
2) connections
3) dendrites
4) axon length
5) neurotransmitters

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8
Q

types of neurites found in the body

A

unipolar ex. dorsal root ganglion
bipolar ex. retina
multipolar ex. motor neurons

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9
Q

what type of connections are found between neurons

A

primary sensory: afferent
motor neurons: efferent
internuerons

remember: ME for motor neurons, then PSA for primary sensory

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10
Q

what types of dendrites

A

pyramidal v. stellate

spiny v. aspinous

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11
Q

whats so special about spines on dendrites

A

these spines are small input sites. these sites are where you get changes with learning.

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12
Q

Projection neurons are what type of cells of the cortex?

A

pyramidal cells

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13
Q

local circuit neurons are what type of cells of the cortex

A

stellate cells

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14
Q

What role do MAPs play?

A

microtubule associated proteins are proteins that hold mircotubules together

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15
Q

MAPs and alzheimers?

A

the proteins become unhinged and accumulate in cell bodies and neurofibulary tangles

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16
Q

Where is the axon hillock located

A

located right after cell body, very beginning of axon

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17
Q

what happens at the axon hillock?

A

action potential starts

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18
Q

Which direction does anterograde axonal transport go?

A

cell body to terminal

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19
Q

which direction does retrograde axonal transport go

A

terminal to cell body

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20
Q

why is retrograde axonal transport important

A

send information from axon back to cell
BUT
toxins can also travel to brain i.e. tetanus
ALSO
can use it in scientific experiments to figure out pathway of axons

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21
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A
  • mop up excess K+, prevent cells from depolarizing
  • help developing cells migrate to the right areas of the brain
  • create scar tissue if theres a brain injury *
  • astrocytic feet attach to blood brain barrier capillaries
  • if there is too much scar tissue, cancerous tumors can form, astrocytic tumors begin the most common
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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schawan cells make what? and where?

A

Oligo + Schwann –> myelin sheath

oligo: CNS
Schwann: PNS

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23
Q

Functions of microglia

A

act as macrophages, clean up waste

i.e. if you have an injury, macroglia become macrophages and clean up da mess

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24
Q

are microglia, glia?

A

no, not really a glia cell. come form hemotopoetic stem cells (same place blood cells come from) and they can become macrophages

25
Q

what are circuits

A

a collection of neurons, have certain fns, and process certain info

26
Q

what are systems

A

collection of circuits which are a part of a larger fn

i.e motor, visual, auditory systems

27
Q

subdivisions of the NS

A

central and peripheral

28
Q

divisions of the cns

A

brain

spinal cord

29
Q

divisions of brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

30
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

two hemispheres of brain

31
Q

what is fn of cerebellum

A

associated with motor learning and coordination

32
Q

parts of brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

33
Q

(nerve) divisions of PNS

A

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
visceral nerves

34
Q

where do motor axons have their cell bodies

A

in the CNS

35
Q

what direction do motor axons travel in

A

CNS to PNS

36
Q

where do sensory axons have their cell bodies

A

in the PNS

37
Q

what direction do sensory axons travel in

A

PNS to CNS

38
Q

what do spinal nerves innervate

A

skin, joints, muscles

39
Q

what do visceral nerves innervate

A

organs, glands, blood vessels

40
Q

what type of nerves are viscera

A

ALL motor

41
Q

what type of nerves are spinal

A

mix of motor and sensory

42
Q

what two layers make up the dura mater

A

periosteal

meningeal

43
Q

whats a subdural hematoma?

A

bleeding between dura and arachnoid…creates a space where there should NOT be one

44
Q

where is the CSF made?

A

choroid plexus

45
Q

what are subarachnoid cisterns? where in the brain are they located?

A

gap between pia and arachnoid where more CSF accumulates

46
Q

4 dural projections

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli
diaphragma sellae

47
Q

fn of falx cerebri

A

separate cerebral hemispheres

48
Q

fn of falx cerebelli

A

separates lobes of cerebellum

49
Q

fn of tentorium cerebelli

A

separate cerebellum from cerebrum

50
Q

fn of diaphragm sellae

A

opening for pituitary stalk

51
Q

Parts of the ventricular system (flow of CSF) in order

A 
lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
central canal
52
Q

what are the brains foreamen and location

A

monroe- connects two hemispheres (located in 3rd ventricle)
luschka - 2 of them, run laterally
magendi- 1; goes towards midline

53
Q

what do nissl stains, stain

A

stain cell bodies

54
Q

what do golgi stain, stain

A

stain myelin sheath ( can see where axons travel)

55
Q

what level of the nervous system is located above the tentorium cerebella

A

supratentorial

56
Q

where is the posterior fossa located

A

below tentorium cerebelli and above foramen magnum

57
Q

what are the levels of the nervous system

A

supratentorial
posterior fossa
spinal cord
peripheral NS

58
Q

what is found in the supratentorial level of the NS

A 
basal ganglia
thalamus
hypothalamus
CN 1-2
cerebral hemispheres
59
Q

what is found in posterior fossa level of the NS

A 
midbrain
pons
medulla
cerebellum
CN 3-12

Neuroanatomy-spring'16 (18 decks)

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