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LECOM histology > lect 9- respiratory system > Flashcards

lect 9- respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what type of epithelium is in the nasal cavity vestibule

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

what is another name for nose hairs

A

vibrissae

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3
Q

what does the epithelium switch to at the end of the vestibule

A

respiratory epithelium (pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

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4
Q

describe goblet cells

A

secrete mucous, extends basement membrane to lumen

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5
Q

describe basal cells

A

short rounded cells that sit on basement membrane, undergoes mitosis to give rise to other cell types when necessary

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6
Q

what type of cells are basal cells

A

stem cells

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7
Q

describe brush cells

A

extend from the basement membrane to lumen, have small microvilli which likely serve as sensory receptors as afferent nerve fibers can be found on their basal surface

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8
Q

describe granule cells

A

sit on basement membrane, contain numerous dense granules, possibly part of the neuroendocrine system, regulating serous and mucous production

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9
Q

describe the changed of epithelium throughout the respiratory

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium to squamous epithelium in alveoli

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10
Q

why are ciliated cells so important

A

critical for host defense of respiratory system (via much-ciliary elevator)

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11
Q

what do people with kartagener syndrome suffer from

A

lack of dynein protein (results in defective non-motile cilia)

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12
Q

describe olfactory receptor cells

A

bipolar neurons spans thickness of epithelium and enters CNS

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13
Q

describe supporting cells

A

tall columnar cells that act as providing support to ORCs (similar role to glial cells in nervous system)

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14
Q

describe basal cells

A

stem cells to give rise to new ORCs

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15
Q

describe Bowman’s (olfactory) glands

A

branched tubuloalveolar serous glands, releases secretion on to olfactory surface to clean ORCs and dissolve odorants

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16
Q

what type of epithelium are paranasal sinuses lined with

A

respiratory epithelium

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17
Q

what acts as the resonating chamber for phonation

A

pharynx

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18
Q

what is the main role of the Eustachian tube

A

helps stabilize the tympanic membrane

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19
Q

what is the organ of speech

A

larynx

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20
Q

what does the epiglottic larynx do

A

prevents food from entering trachea

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21
Q

what is the arytenoid involved in

A

involved with vocal cord movement

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22
Q

what is the anatomical landmark of the adam’s apple

A

thyroid

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23
Q

where is the vestibule of the larynx located

A

it is the area superior to the vocal cords

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24
Q

what type of epithelium is in the false vocal cords/ ventricular fold

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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25
Q

what type of epithelium is in the true vocal cords

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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26
Q

describe the mucosa layer of the trachea

A

respiratory epithelium, elastic fiber-rich lamina propria

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27
Q

describe the submucosa of the trachea

A

composed of slightly denser connective tissue

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28
Q

what type of cartilage is in the cartilaginous layer of the trachea

A

hyaline

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29
Q

describe the adventitia of the trachea

A

connective tissue that binds trachea to surrounding structures

30
Q

how many secondary bronchi are on each side

A

right has 3; left as 2

31
Q

how many segmental bronchi are on each side

A

right has 10; left has 8

32
Q

describe the mucosa layer of the bronchi

A

respiratory epithelium

33
Q

describe the muscularis layer of the bronchi

A

circumferential layer of smooth muscle

34
Q

describe the submucosa layer of the bronchi

A

loos connective tissue, glands present in large bronchi

35
Q

describe the cartilage layer of the bronchi

A

cartilage plates

36
Q

describe the adventitia layer of the bronchi

A

dense connective tissue that is continuous with pulmonary artery and lung parenchyma

37
Q

what is the smallest functional unit of the pulmonary ststem

A

bronchioles off the segmental bronchi

38
Q

what marks the end of the conduction portion of the respiratory system

A

bronchioles

39
Q

describe the large terminal bronchioles

A

lined with ciliated pseudo stratified or simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells may be present

40
Q

describe the small terminal bronchioles

A

lined with simple cuboidal epithelium cells, and NO goblet cells are present (Clara cells are present instead)

41
Q

where are clara cells located

A

in the small terminal bronchioles

42
Q

what do clara cells secrete

A

lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion should airway collapse during expiration

43
Q

what can secrete clara cells

44
Q

what are respiratory bronchioles involved in

A

both air conduction and gas exchange

45
Q

what type of epithelium are respiratory bronchioles lined with

A

cuboidal epithelium

46
Q

what is the primary site for gas exchange

47
Q

describe shape and diameter of alveoli

A

it is a polyhedral and is rough 200µm

48
Q

what is the surface area of alveoli

A

75 meters squared

49
Q

what is the average amount of alveoli found in each human lung

A

150-250 million alveoli

50
Q

what serve as neuroreceptors for monitoring air quality in alveoli

A

brush cells

51
Q

describe type 1 alveolar cells

A

extremely thin squamous cells, and line 95% of surface alveoli (air exchange can occur here)

52
Q

describe type 2 alveolar cells

A

line 5% of alveolar surface, tend to bulge in airspace. produce and secrete surfactant and serve as progenitors cells for type 1 alveolar cells

53
Q

what are macrophages in the alveoli

A

dust cells

54
Q

what are openings in the inter alveolar septa, allowing circulation of air from one alveoli to another

A

pores kohn

55
Q

what is the communication between terminal bronchioles and alveoli

A

canals of lambert

56
Q

what is the most critical phospholipid in surfactant

57
Q

describe surfactant protein A

A

most abundant, responsible for surfactant homeostasis, modulate immune response to fungi, bacteria or virsues

58
Q

describe surfactant protein B

A

critical for absorption and spreading of surfactant

59
Q

describe surfactant protein C

A

smallest component, maintains thin fin later in alveoli

60
Q

describe surfactant protein D

A

primarily involved in host defense, binding various microorganisms

61
Q

what surfactant protein modulates allergic reaction to inhale particles

A

surfactant A and D

62
Q

what is the main problem with obstructive lung disease

A

expiration

63
Q

what is the main problem with restrictive lung disease

A

inspiration

64
Q

what is the characteristic color for chronic bronchitis

65
Q

what is the characteristic color of emphysema

66
Q

does CO2 increase or decrease in emphysema

67
Q

does CO2 increase or decrease in chronic bronchitis

68
Q

what does pneumonia primarily affect

69
Q

what is cystic fibrosis’ genetic disorder caused by

A

mutation of CFTR

70
Q

what does cystic fibrosis result in (abnormality)

A

abnormal Cl- transporter

LECOM histology (12 decks)

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