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LECOM histology > lect 10- cardiovascular system > Flashcards

lect 10- cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what layer of the heart wall is composed of endothelial cells, connective tissue, and smooth muscle cells, as well as purkinje fibers

A

endocardium

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2
Q

what heart wall layer is the principle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac tissue.

A

myocardium

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3
Q

compare the myocardium in the atria to the ventriucles

A

atria is thinner than ventricles

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4
Q

what is another name for the visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

epicardium

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5
Q

what layer of the heart wall is adhered to the outer surface of the heart, and contains the blood vessels and nerves that supply the heart

A

epicardium

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6
Q

what is the base of the fibrous pericardium attached to

A

central tendon of diaphragm

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7
Q

what is the anterior part of the fibrous pericardium attached to

A

sternopericardial ligaments

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8
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium innervated by

A

phrenic nerve

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9
Q

what vessels mainly supply the fibrous pericardium

A

Right and left pericardiophrenic vessels

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10
Q

what does the parietal pericardium line

A

the inner surface of the pericardial cavity

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11
Q

what is the pericardial cavity lined by

A

mesothelial cells

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12
Q

how much serous fluid is contained in the pericardial cavity

A

15-50mL

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13
Q

what cells produce the lubricating fluid contained in the pericardial cavity

A

mesothelial cells

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14
Q

what type of epithelium do the mesothelial cells have

A

squamous-like epithelium

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15
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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16
Q

what is the only element of the heart that can carry impulses across the fibrous skeleton

A

AV bundle

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17
Q

what is the course of the heart’s electric system

A

SA node to AV node to bundle of his to purkinje fibers

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18
Q

what artery is then alpha 1 contained in

A

pulmonary artery

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19
Q

what action does alpha one cause

A

constriction

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20
Q

what is beta 2 very important for

A

relaxations

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21
Q

what does sympathetic influence of the heart arise from

A

spinal cord levels of T1-T4/6

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22
Q

where do the sympathetics synapse and terminate for the heart

A

synapse in celiac ganglia and terminate in SA and AV nodes

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23
Q

what hormone causes increase in heart rate

A

norepinephrine

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24
Q

what is parasympathetic influence of cardiac innervation provided by

A

vagus nerve

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25
Q

where do postsynaptic fibers of the cardiac innervation terminate

A

at SA and AV nodes

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26
Q

what hormone do the parasympathetic influence fibers secrete

A

acetylcholine

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27
Q

what does acetylcholine do to the heart rate

A

decrease it (bradycardia)

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28
Q

what secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

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29
Q

what does activation of beta1 receptors cause an increase force of

A

contraction (inotropic effect) and rate (chronotropic effect)

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30
Q

what are the high pressure receptors located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arches

A

baroreceptors

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31
Q

what are the low pressure receptors located in the walls of atria, provide information of cardiac distension

A

volume receptors

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32
Q

what are aortic and carotid bodies located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and aortic arch that monitor oxygen, CO2, and pH

A

chemoreceptors

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33
Q

what does ADH do

A

increases pressure because it is an anti-diuretic (eventually increases pressure because more water is retained)

34
Q

what is the loose connective tissue layer on the atrial side of the valve, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers. it is involved in diminishing vibrations with valve closure

A

spongiosa

35
Q

what is the core of the heart valve, extensions of skeletal rings

A

fibrosa

36
Q

what is the part of the heart valve that is covered with endothelium, contains many layers of dense connective tissue and elastic fibers. it lines surface adjacent to the ventricle.

A

ventricularis

37
Q

what is the ventricular continuous with in the AV valves

A

chord tendinae

38
Q

describe the tunica intimate of vascular walls

A

layer of squamous epithelial cells, basal lamina and sub endothelial layer

39
Q

what is the main component of the tunica intima

A

endothelium

40
Q

describe the tunica media of vasculature walls

A

middle layer composed mainly of rings of smooth muscle but also a varying amount of elastin

41
Q

describe the tunica adventitia of vascular walls

A

outermost layer, mostly collagenous tissue thin in arteries, thick in veins.

42
Q

what is transcellular migration

A

migration through cells

43
Q

what is paracellular migration

A

migration between cells

44
Q

how do Endothelial cells maintain nonthrombogenic barrier

A

by producing anticoagulants and antithrombogenic substances

45
Q

what does damage to endothelial cells cause the release of

A

prothrombogenic substances (von willebrand factor)

46
Q

what does sheer stress cause the ECs to do

A

produce NO, which causes vasodilation, which drops BP

47
Q

what does metabolic stress cause ECs to do

A

release prostacyclin which causes vasodilation

48
Q

what does the endothelin family cause

A

influx of calcium and muscular contraction causing vasoconstriction and raises BP

49
Q

what is the only hormone that can break down clots once coagulation has occurred

A

plasmin

50
Q

what happens when lipoproteins have been oxidized by free radicals and macrophages endocytose them

A

macrophages become foam cells that are characteristic of atheromatous plaques

51
Q

what disease may be present if foam cells occur

A

atheromatous plaques

52
Q

what are some examples of elastic arteries

A

aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, iliac arteries, left common carotid, left subclavian, pulmonary artery

53
Q

what are the flow regulators to capillaries beds

A

arterioles

54
Q

what layer of the artery is ill-defined in arterioles

A

tunica adventitia

55
Q

what layers are capillaries missing

A

tunica media and adventitia

56
Q

describe the endothelial cells in capillaries

A

single layer of endothelial cells

57
Q

why must RBCs found themselves to get through capillaries

A

because capillaries are smaller than erythrocytes

58
Q

where are continuous capillaries typically found

A

muscle, CNS, lungs

59
Q

what may surround continuous capillaries

A

pericytes

60
Q

what do pericytes respond to

A

NO

61
Q

what do pericytes provide

A

vascular supper and promote stability of capillary through physical and chemical signaling with the endothelial cells

62
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries typically found

A

endocrine glands and site of fluid and metabolite absorption

63
Q

where are discontinuous capillaries typically found

A

spleen, liver and bone marrow

64
Q

what is another name for discontinuous capillaries

A

sinusoidal capillaries

65
Q

what is the principle site of histamine and serotonin secretion

A

post capillary venue (PCVs)

66
Q

describe the shape of PCVs

A

cuboidal in shape with ovoid nucleus

67
Q

what do histamine and serotonin promote

A

vasoactive substances that promote extravasation of fluid and emigration of WBCs from vessels during inflammation and allergic reactions

68
Q

describe the relationship of small veins to PCVs

A

they are distal to PCVs

69
Q

compare tunica media of arteries to veins

A

thicker in arteries than veins

70
Q

compare tunica adventitia of arteries to veins

A

thinner in arteries than veins

71
Q

describe the tunica adventitia muscle of large veins

A

longitudinally oriented smooth muscle

72
Q

what are some examples of large veins

A

IVC, portal vein, subclavian and SVC

73
Q

what are broad spaces in the dura mater of the cranial cavity that are lined with endothelial cells but void of smooth muscle

A

venous sinuses

74
Q

how do lymphatic capillaries typically start

A

as ended tubes in the capillary beds

75
Q

what do lymphatic vessels unite to form

A

the right lymphatic trunk and the thoracic duct

76
Q

where do the lesions involved in atherosclerosis develop (what layer)

A

tunica intimate of arteries

77
Q

what is hypertension usually caused by

A

atherosclerosis

78
Q

what blood pressure do you have to be above to be considered hypertensive

A

140/90 mm Hg

79
Q

what is a sudden loss of perfusion to an area of the heart wall

A

myocardial infarction

80
Q

what is the most likely location for myocardial infarction

A

left anterior descending artery

81
Q

what is the second most likely location for myocardial infarction

A

right coronary artery

82
Q

what is the third most likely location for myocardial infarction

A

left circumflex artery

LECOM histology (12 decks)

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