LEC8: Peacekeeping

Question 1

What is Collective Conflict Management? Peacekeeping

Answer 1

• War and insecurity are part of the international relations
• These need to be managed somehow
• Especially after 1815 major powers often cooperate to do so
• They converge on shared expectation and ideas on what is appropriate and effective
• Peacekeeping became one of those tools after WW2

Question 2

What is Negative and Positive Peace? Peacekeeping

Answer 2

-Negative peace: the absence of direct/personal violence (associated with ‘peacekeeping’)

-Positive peace: the absence of structural/indirect violence (associated with ‘peacebuilding)

Question 3

What is (In)Direct violence? Peacekeeping

Answer 3

Direct Violence
- Episodic social interaction that

Immediately inflicts physical damage on persons and/or objects
Involves at least two perpetrators of damage

Indirect/structural violence
- Violence without an individual author and which relates to uneven distribution of resources

-Children are murdered (direct violence)
-Children die through poverty (structural violenc

Question 4

What are UN Peace operations?

Answer 4

UN Peacekeepers are troops and civilians deployed by the UN to conflict-affected areas, which seek to build and keep peace, and/or contribute to the conditions necessary for peace to hold

Question 5

What is the function of a peace operation?

Answer 5

Helps the conflict parties to overcome the problems they face in establishing a sustainable peace

• Absence of trust
• Absence of reliable information
• Absence of functioning state institutions
• Conflict economies, abundance of weapons

Question 6

What is the Trinity of peacekeeping?

Answer 6

Impartiality, Consent and Limited use of Force

Question 7

What do UN peace operations do?

Answer 7

1. Protection of civilians
2. Monitor human rights
3. Facilitate peace process or monitor peace agreement
4. Support elections
5. help build legitimate institutions
6. DRR Disarmament, Demobalization and Reintegration
7. Security Sector Reform

Question 8

Why should we care about peackeeping operations?

Answer 8

Over 70 missions deployed since late 40’s

Millions of individuals involves

Success => save lives and contribute to peaceful societies.
Failure => people could die and conflict will continue

Question 9

How does UN peacekeeping work?

Answer 9

• UNSC adopts a resolution, containing a mandate, to address a threat to peace and security
• UN Secretariat is tasked with setting up the operation
• Asks member states to provide troops and deploys own international civilian personnel
• Mission is led by special representatives of the secretary general and force commander
• UNSC will often renew and change the mandate at half year or one year interval

Question 10

Where lie the origins of UN peace keeping?

Answer 10

Took off with creation of theUN afterWorld War 2
*‘Peacekeeping’ is not in the UN Charter, developed after failure of orginally conceived role for UN as collective security organization
*Based on authority in UN Charter
-ChapterVI (peaceful settlement of disputes)
-ChapterVII (which allows for any necessary measures without the consent of states)

Question 11

What was the first UN peacekeeping operation?

Answer 11

First UN operation:1948: UN Truce Supervision Organization(Israel/Palestine)

Question 12

What was the role of peacekeeping in the cold war?

Answer 12

Period of innovation and creative individuals

Idea is to stop escalation and prevent involvement of great powers

Start of the holy trinity:
-Consent
-Impartiality
-Minimum use of force

14 Peace operations mainly concering decolonizations

Question 13

What is the 1990 Triple Transformation? Peacekeeping

Answer 13

Triple transformation
1. Qualitative=> more tasks, different kinds of tasks, operate in ongoing conflict where there is no ‘peace to keep’
2. Quantitative=> many more and larger operations, policy option of choice
3. Normative=> different rules, gradual relaxation of the holy trinity

Question 14

What where the 2000s reinterpretations of the holy trinity of peacekeeping?

Answer 14

Consent: only strategic consent necessary for deployment, afterwards less so

Impartiality: Impartiality, not neutrality: ‘impartially judging compliance with human rights norms’

Use of force: constraints on use of force more and more relaxed.

Fourth Norm: Protection of Civilians

Question 15

What is the current state of UN Peacekeeping?

Answer 15

Ineffective Security Council means no new peacekeeping missions, but existing mandates are still renewed
Focus is on stabilization
Gradual erosion of liberal aspects of UN peacekeeping
*What is the future of peacekeeping in multi polar world order?
*Regionalization of peacemaking=> UN Support Missions?

Question 16

How is a peacekeeping mission established?

Answer 16

*UN Security Council adopts a resolution=> mandate
Either at the request of the parties or on the initiative of theCouncil
In close coordination with UN Secretariat
*Important role for politics

Question 17

How is Peacekeeping force generation done?

Answer 17

*UN Secretariat (Department of Peace Operations) sollicits contributions fromTCCs
*These are deployed together as ‘UN peacekeepers’
*Despite Chapter VII, arrangements with host state are also made

Question 18

How is an UN Peacekeeping mission structures?

Answer 18

1. Ledby civilian head of misssion SRSG
2. Military units led by Force Commander
3. Police units led by the head of the police component
4. Several deputys lead components like rule of law, development ec.
5. Human rights component with joint reporting lines to OHCHR in geneva and SRSG

Question 19

How effective are UN Peacekeeping operations?

Answer 19

1. Quantitative Studies find large effects on reducing violence
2. Qualitatieve studies more nuanced: highlight dillemas and unintended consequences

Peacekeepers…
- Limit information aymmetries
- Help overcome commitment problems
- Peacekeepers deter conflict parties from wrongdoing
- Might persuade conflict parties to mend their ways

Question 20

What are UN Peacekeeping Challenges?

Answer 20

1. Exit strategies
2. Capacity constraints
3. Protection of civilians
4. Force protection
5. Maintaining support among all the parties
6. Counterterrorism & Counterinsurgency
7. Several dillemas

Question 21

What are the Dillema’s with Host State Consent and Point of Contacts? Peacekeeping

Answer 21

Question 22

What is the Local Ownership & Liberal norms

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the dillema of Peace & Justice Peacekeeping?

Answer 23

Question 24

What is R2P?

Answer 24

Each Individual State has the responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The International Community should encourage and help States to exercise this Responsibility including through the use of military force should peaceful means be inadequate

Triggers: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing

Question 25

s

What are the pillars of R2P?

Answer 25

Pillar 1 * “The State carries the primary responsibility for protecting populations from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and their incitement.”

Pillar 2 * “The international community has a responsibility to encourage and assist States in fulfilling this responsibility.”

Pillar 3 * “The international community has a responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other means to protect populations from these crimes. If a State is manifestly failing to protect its populations, the international community must be prepared to take collective action to protect populations, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations

Question 26

What are the basic principles of R2P?

Answer 26

State sovereignty implies responsibility, and the primary responsibility for the
protection of its people lies with the state itself.

Where a population is suffering serious harm, as a result of internal war, insurgency, repression or state failure, and the state in question is unwilling or unable to halt or avert it, the principle of non-intervention yields to the international responsibility to protect.

Question 27

What are the foundations of R2P?

Answer 27

1. Obligations inherent in the concept of
   sovereignty.
2. The
   responsibility of the Security Council, under Article 24 of the UN Charter, for
   the
   maintenance of international peace and security.
3. Specific
   legal obligations under human rights and human protection declarations,
   covenants and treaties, international humanitarian law and national law.
4. The
   developing practice of states, regional organizations and the Security Council
   itself.

Question 28

What are the 3 responsibalities in R2P?

Answer 28

1. The responsibility to prevent
   responsibilities:
   To address both the root causes and direct causes of internal conflict and other
   man-made crises putting populations at risk.
2. The responsibility to react
   To respond to situations of compelling human need with appropriate measures,
   which may include coercive measures like sanctions and international
   prosecution, and in extreme cases military intervention.
3. The responsibility to rebuild
   To provide, particularly after a military intervention, full assistance with recovery,
   reconstruction and reconciliation, addressing the causes of the harm the
   intervention was designed to halt or avert.

Question 29

How to warrent R2P military intervention?

Answer 29

To be warranted, there must be serious and irreparable harm occurring to human beings, or imminently likely to occur, of the following kind:

1. Large scale loss of life
2. Large scale ‘ethnic cleansing’

Precautions:
1.
Right intention
The primary purpose of the intervention must be to halt human suffering.
2.
Last resort
When every non-military option for the prevention or peaceful resolution of the
conflict has been explored.
3.
Proportional means
The scale, duration and intensity of the planned military intervention should be
the minimum necessary to secure the defined human protection objective.
4.
Reasonable prospects
There must be a reasonable chance of success in halting or averting the
suffering.

Additionally, military intervention can only be carried out by a
right authority. There is no better or more appropriate body than the
United Nations Security
Council to authorize military intervention for human protection purposes and Security Council authorization should in all cases be sought prior to any military intervention action being carried out.

The Permanent Five members of the Security Council should agree not to apply their veto power, in matters where their vital state interests are not involved.

Question 30

What is Peacebuilding?

Answer 30

Peacebuilding: processes and activities that are undertaken to prevent outbreak
escalation, continuation, or recurrence of violent conflict and to
peace.
Very broad, wide range of activities.
Holistic, focus on root causes, longer-term

Question 31

What are the 3 types of peace concerning peacebuilding

Answer 31

**Democratic peace
** Conflicts are resolved through democratic means which channels violent tendencies into non-violent politics.
To obtain peace: build and strengthen democratic institutions, focus on
elections.

** Liberal peace
** It is too costly to go to war with each other if you dependent on each other for free trade.
So interdependencies of economic relations and self-interests of free traders.
To obtain peace: also
liberalize the economy and strenghten market dynamics.

**Everyday peace
**
Peace is not necessarily created through topdown solutions, so a strong state
or strong economy, but through daily conflict resolution processes that happen at the local level.
Sometimes known as critical peacebuilding.
To obtain peace: focus on local conflict resolution and intergroup
reconciliation.

Question 32

What is statebuidling?

Answer 32

Statebuilding is ‘premised on the recognition that achieving security and
development in societies emerging from civil war partly depends on the existence
of capable, autonomous and legitimate institutions.’

So outsiders should build those institutions.

But this is hyperintrusive and so hypercomplex.

If you’re not careful it can look like modernday colonialism. ‘We’re going to take over
your country if you like it or not’.

ridden with dilemmas and contradictions.

Question 33

What is the difference between Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding and Statebuilding

Answer 33

Peacekeeping: Peacekeeping is an activity that helps countries torn by conflict create conditions for lasting peace. It involves active work to stop or prevent conflict between nations or communities, especially by an international military force.

Peacebuilding: Peacebuilding is an activity that aims to resolve injustice in nonviolent ways and to transform the cultural and structural conditions that generate deadly or destructive conflict

Statebuilding: Statebuilding is the activity of building or strengthening the institutions and infrastructure of a weak or failing state, typically by a foreign power. It refers to political and historical processes of creation, institutional consolidation, stabilization and sustainable development of states, from the earliest emergence of statehood up to the modern times. Statebuilding is often employed in relation to conflict and post-conflict strategies, and acts as a coordinating goal for intervening international actors.