Course Labs Flashcards
What are Greed & Grievences (Collier & Hoeffler)
Greed
Combatants are motivated by a desire to better their situation and perform an
informal cost-benefit analysis in
examining if the rewards of joining
a rebellion are greater than not joining.
Grievances
People rebel over issues of identity rather than over economics.
Democracies VS Anocracies
Anocracies (middle between democracy and autocracy/dictator)
Democracies are the most
peaceful regime type
Anocracies are more susceptible
to conflict (civil war) than are
either pure democracies or pure
dictatorships
What is the effect of Education in Conflict?
Education has a general
pacifying effect on conflict
.
Inequality between individuals
(level of education) does not
matter for conflict, but inter
group inequality does.
Curricula with nationalist
ideology could have an impact
on inter-group animosity
What are the most important facts about the Rwanda Case?
Context:
Increasing ethnic strife (Hutu vs.
Tutsi; Hutu vs. Hutu moderates)
Actors:
Hutu government/Interahamwe,
United Nations
Casualties:
800.000 – 1 million
Mode of warfare:
Genocide
International intervention:
Yes, but…
Causes
Grievance amongst disenfranchised
Hutu majority
Polarization
Trends & Consequences
Ethnic conflict, peace operations
Pledge to prevent similar atrocities in
the future (e.g. R2P), but…
What are the most important facts about the Afghanistan Case?
Context:
International conflict with 4 phases
topple Taliban, rebuild, protect & withdraw
Actors:
Taliban, Al-Qaeda, US, NATO
Casualties:
>170.000
Mode of warfare:
Insurgency; asymmetric warfare
International intervention:
Yes
Causes
Weak institutions (failed state)
Ideology
Ethnic/sectarian/regional cleavages &
education
Trends & Consequences
Insurgency/asymmetric warfare
Reluctance for boots-on-the-ground
missions & state-building efforts
What are the most important facts about the Ukraine Case?
Context:
Euromaidan protests, annexation of Crimea, (Russian)
insecurity, geopolitics, history (Warsaw Pact)
Actors:
Russia, Ukraine, Luhansk & Donetsk
People’s Republics
Casualties:
>14.000 (pre-2022)
Mode of warfare:
Hybrid? (pre-2022) Now?
International intervention:
NO?
Causes
Nationalism
Putin’s geopolitical & Ukraine’s EU &
NATO ambitions
Trends & Consequences
Proxy warfare (pre-2022), inter-state
conventional warfare (now)
Hybrid warfare (?)/Information warfare (still?)
What is War according to Clausewitz
War = Unlimited violence
War = The continuation of politics by other means
War = a paradoxical trinity
What is the trinitarian nature of war?
**Primary Trinity
**-
- Violence / Emotion
- Chance / Luck
- Rational Purpose
Secondary Trinity
- People
- Military
- Government
What are the most important critiques on Clausewits
- Modern military power is simply irrelevant as instrument for political interest
- No mention of economy
- No mention of technology
- No mention of Moral Conduct
What is Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello?
Jus ad bellum
- Justification or reasons for war, or its prevention
- When is the resorting to force legal
- Seeks to limit resort to force between states
Only exceptions in starting war:
1. Right of self-defense
2. Collective Security Mechanism (UNSC Authorisation)
Jus in bello
Justification in war
Laws that govern the way in which warfare is conducted
Seeks to limit the suffering caused by war.
4 Principles
1. Distiction / Non-combatant immunity
2. Proportionality
3. Necessity
4. Humane treatment and non-discrimination
What is Genocide?
any of the following acts commited with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
- Killing members of the group
- Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
- Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
- Imposing measures indented to prevent births within the group
- Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
What are Crimes Against Humanity
Widespread or systemeatic attack directed against any civilian population with knowledge of the attack.
- Murder
- Extermination
- Enslavement
- Deportation or forcible transfer of population
- Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law
- Torture
- Rape, sexual slavery etc etc
- Persecution against any identifiable group or collectively on political, racial, national ethnic etc.
- Enforced Disappearance of persons
- Apartheid
- Other inhumane act of similar character
What is negative peace and postive peace?
Negative peace is the absence of violence or fear of violence
- Also referred to as “Unstable” peace
- Present in situations where armed forces are not deployed but parties perceive one another as enemies and maintain deterrent military capabilities
- The balance of power may discourage aggresion, but crisis and war are still possible
Positive peace is the attitudes institutions & structures that create and sustain peaceful societies
Also understood as warm peace or durable peace, is all the ways in which actors can sustain a peaceful society.
Positive peace is achieved through:
- Shared values and goals
- Institutions (political systems and rule of law)
- Economic interdependence
- A sense of international community
What is Conflict prevention & mediation
Diplomatic measures to prevent escalation
What is Peacemaking?
Practical facilitation of peace negotiations/agreement
