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OTD806 > Lec Int 3-4 > Flashcards

Lec Int 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

serve to contract and relax

A

Muscles

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2
Q

serve to support the skeleton and its articulations

A

skeletal muscles

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3
Q

Muscle tissue consists of three major structural types

A

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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4
Q

Type of muscle that lines walls of hollow viscera (GI tract, blood vessels)

A

amooth

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5
Q

Type of muscle with inherent contractility. No innervation is needed, except for regulation of rate, contractile strength

A

cardiac

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6
Q

40% of the body mass in normal adults and is the type of muscle attached to the skeleton for moving and supporting joints

A

Skeletal

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7
Q

Innervation of smooth muscle is via the _________ nervous system

A

autonomic

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8
Q

Muscles pull ______ (and hence move) a joint

A

across

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9
Q

A muscle may contract up to ______% of its resting length

A

57%

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10
Q

4 types of muscular action

A

Prime mover, Synergists, Fixators, Antagonists

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11
Q

certain muscles whose main function is to produce a specific action.

A

Prime mover

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12
Q

assist the prime mover, and compliment its action

A

Synergists

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13
Q

immobilize a joint while another joint is activated

A

Fixators

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14
Q

stabilize a joint while the opposite prime movers are contracting (eg flexors/extensors)

A

Antagonists

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15
Q

a muscle fiber equals a ______

A

muscle cell

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16
Q

Type of mucleation of muscle cells

A

multinucleated

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17
Q

Term for nuclei located at the periphery of the fiber

A

syncytial arrangement

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18
Q

The whole sheath around a muscle is called the

A

epimysium

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19
Q

The epimysium is synonymous with the

A

deep fascia

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20
Q

connective tissue holding the muscle fibers together

A

deep fascia

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21
Q

The deep fascia, or epimysium, consists of

A

collagenous fibers

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22
Q

To cause a joint to move, a muscle must attach to bones around the respective joint. Such attachments are accomplished via relatively avascular structures called

A

tendons

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23
Q

Tendons are formed by an aggregation of the ________

A

sarcolemma

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24
Q

the cell membrane surrounding the muscle fibers

A

sarcolemma

25
Q

The sarcolemmae are continuous with ______ of a tendon

A

collagenous fibers

26
Q

tendon is continuous with _______ of bone, and, in some cases, the joint capsule

A

periosteum

27
Q

attachment of muscles to each other (flat sheet of connective tissue)

A

Aponeurosis

28
Q

Two examples of aponeuroses

A

linea alba and bicipital aponeurosis

29
Q

Muscles vs tendons vascularization?

A

Vascular, avascular

30
Q

The featherlike appearance of muscles is referred to as

A

pennate

31
Q

muscle fibers approach tendon from one side (palmar interossei)

A

Unipennate

32
Q

muscle fibers approach tendon from 2 directions in a flat plane (dorsal interossei)

A

Bipennate

33
Q

muscle fibers approach tendon from all directions (biceps brachii)

A

Circumpennate

34
Q

multiples of all the above described pennate forms (deltoid)

A

Multipennate

35
Q

sensory aspect of input into the nervous system regarding the status of a muscle at any given time

A

Proprioception

36
Q

Degree of contraction of muscles
State of tension in the tendon
Position of limbs in space

A

Three forms of proprioception for muscles

37
Q

support of the body
movement (levers)
blood producers (from red bone marrow)
storage (Ca++, PO4)

A

Bones

38
Q

The skeleton may be divided into two portions

A

axial and appendicular

39
Q

consists of the skull, spine, and thorax

A

axial

40
Q

consists of the upper/lower limbs

A

appendicular

41
Q

Together, the two skeletons have ____ bones in all

A

206 bones

42
Q

Five types of bone by shape

A 
A. Long: humerus, femur (examples)
 B. Short: carpals, tarsals (examples)
 C. Flat: cranium (example)
 D. Sesamoid: patella (example)
 E. Wormian: in sutures of the skull (example)
 F. Irregular: vertebrae (example)
43
Q

Bone develops from two basic sources:

A

Intramembranous ossification, Endochondral ossification

44
Q

Type of bone development in which a fibrous membrane, which forms intramembranous bone, as typified by the bones of the skull

A

Intramembranous ossification

45
Q

Type of bone development from cartilage, which forms endochondral bone as typified by the long bones

A

Endochondral ossification

46
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Start with dense membrane
  2. Osteoblasts produce osteod tissue, add Ca and PO4
  3. Periosteum surrounds dense membrane, osteoblasts form inner surface of matrix
47
Q

Type of bone in with random matrix with soft, open spaces which forms the interior of the bone

A

Spongy bone

48
Q

Type of bone with parallel matrix which is hard and dense, that forms the exterior surface of the bone

A

Compact bone

49
Q

Externally and next to the periosteum, the layer of compact bone is called the

A

outer table

50
Q

internally (deep to the spongy bone (in compact bone), the bony layer is called the

A

inner table

51
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A
  1. A cartilaginous mold of the bone forms initially in the developing embryo
  2. Osteoblasts lay down osteod, Ca and PO4 added
  3. Gradually, cartilage is replaced by bone
52
Q

In endochondral ossification, cartilage persists at the ends of the bone as ______

A

epiphyseal plates

53
Q

Epiphyseal plates persist until the bone reaches its adult length, then close to form _____

A

epiphyseal lines

54
Q

a form of dwarfism that is caused by a mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3).

A

Achondroplasia

55
Q

the granular material found within the spongy portion of bones which form blood cells is called the

A

bone marrow

56
Q

In small children, virtually all marrow is

A

red

57
Q

In adults, bone marrow is identified as

A

red, yellow

58
Q

sternum, ribs
iliac crest
vertebral bodies

A

locations of Red Marrow

59
Q

long bones - nonfunctional, fatty tissue and has replaced red marrow to occupy the “marrow cavity.”

A

locations of yellow marrow

OTD806 (43 decks)

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