Lec Int 1-2 Flashcards
standing upright, head facing front, arms at side with palms forward
Anatomical Position
divides the body into right/left halves
Median (midsagittal)
divides the body into anterior/ posterior portions
Frontal (coronal)
divides the body into upper/ lower portions
Transverse (horizontal)
Higher than - Lower than
Superior - Inferior
Front - back
Anterior - Posterior
To the middle - to the side
Medial - Lateral
Toward the surface - Away from the surface
Superficial - Deep
Toward the point of origin - away from the point of origin
Proximal - Distal
Lying face up - Lying face down
Supine - Prone
reduces degree of acute joint angulation
Extension
moves away from the body
Abduction
moves toward the body
Adduction
combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Circumduction
head of a bone spins within the socket of another bone
Rotation
Internal - External, face down - face up rotation
medial - lateral (external), pronation - supination
Move higher - move lower
Elevation - Depression
Move outward - move inward
Protraction - Retraction
covers the body externally and has three layers
(epidermis, dermis, hypodermis)
Skin
covers muscle, specializations include the superficial and deep layers
Fascia
note organization from slide views and consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac divisions
Muscle
skeleton consists of an axial skeleton (skull, spine, and thorax) and an appendicular skeleton (upper/ lower limbs)
Bone
The panniculus adiposis along with its underlying superficial membranous fascia are referred to as
tela subcutanea
The skin is an extensive organ forming the
integument
The skin is an extensive organ forming the integument. On the average, the skin measures about ________ surface area
1.8 square meters
Functions of the skin: (Note the acronym: P A S T E):
Protection, Absorption, Sensation, Temperature regulation, Excretion
Three layers of skin from superficial to deep
Epidermis, Dermis, or Corium, TELA SUBCUTANEA
outer layer which consists of vegetative intermitotics (cells that continuously reproduce) with a keratinized layer.
Epidermis
________ is a protein, which is high in sulfur content.
Keratin
Dermis consists of what two layers
papillary, reticular
Layer of the dermis which consists of papillae that project into the epidermis and carry vasculature to the epidermis
papillary layer
Layer of the dermis which which consists of a network of collagen elastic fibers
reticular layer
Two layers of the TELA SUBCUTANEA
Hypodermis, Stratum fibrosum
Layer of the Tela subcutanea that is a layer of fat (panniculus adiposis)
Hypodermis
Layer of the tela subcutanea that surrounds exterior of muscle and is superficial to muscle, and also may be called the superficial fascia
Stratum fibrosum
distributed over the skin, and is absent on glabrous surfaces, ergo the lips
Hair
Hair is contained within the ______ which is a tube of infolding epidermis
hair follicle
Hair is produced at the _______ of the hair follicle, and consists of ________
base, keratinized
smooth muscle coursing from the root of the hair follicle to the dermis
Arrector pili
The Arrector pili muscle is under ________ control
sympathetic
contraction of the Arrector pili produces ________ and squeezing of the hair follicle, i.e. “Goose Pimples”.
piloerection
ubiquitous glands, but absent in the palm of the hands and soles of the feet, can become clogged and produce acne
Sebaceous glands
The oily secretion of sebaceous glands contain cell parts and because the entire secretory cell is lost, it is termed a_______ gland.
holocrine gland
ubiquitous glands, but absent in the glans penis and labia minora
Sweat glands
Two types of sweat glands
eccrine, apocrine
The sweat gland is termed an ________ because none of the cell part is secreted
eccrine gland
Sweat glands are enlarged around the anus and armpit and are called _______ , which suggest that only part of the cell is secreted
apocrine glands
keratinized epithelium produced at the base of the nail bed
Nails
modified sweat gland. Typically, in females
Mammary gland
Superior boundary of mammary gland
2nd or 3rd rib
Inferior boundary of mammary gland
6th or 7th costal cartilage
Lateral bounrary of mammary gland
anterior axillary fold
The nipple is surrounded by the ______ and is found at the fourth rib
areola
The nipple is surrounded by the areola and is found at the _______ (males)
fourth rib
The mammary gland has two portions called
parenchyma, stroma
functional part of the mammary gland
parenchyma
supportive, connective tissue part of the mammary gland
stroma
connective tissue in the breast that help maintain structural integrity (cooper’s ligaments)
retinaculum cutis
ducts that converge and form a branched system connecting the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland
Lactiferous ducts
an expansion in a lactiferous duct at the base of the nipple in which milk accumulates
lactiferous sinus
extension of the tissue of the breast that extends into the axilla
tail of Spence
Lymphatic drainage of the breast is important because of the prevalence of
breast cancer in women
Cancer of the breast follows lymphatic channels to
axillary nodes
Surgery that removes the breast, axillary lymph nodes, and part of the pectoralis major
radical mastectomy
Surgery in which the mass itself only is removed from the breast
lumpectomy
In breast, 20 - 30 _________ drained primarily by the principal axillary lymphatic pathway and the accessory lymphatic pathway
Axillary lymph nodes
The axillary lymph nodes consist of 5 groups
Lateral group (around the axillary artery), Central group Pectoral group Subscapular group Apical group
