lec 17

Question 1

what is an angiosperm?

Answer 1

a flowering plant that produces an ovary with a seed that is enclosed + protected by tissue

Question 2

what do the following structures do
- receptacle:
- sepals:
- petals:
- stamen:
- pistil:

Answer 2

• receptacle: where flowers are attached to the general stem
• sepals: outermost whorl that protects innermost flower
• petals: meant to attract insects and pollinators (varies based on species)
• stamen: pollen (anther + filament)
• pistil: eggs (stigma, style, ovule)

Question 3

following fertilization, what is the seed?

Answer 3

seeds are contained IN the ovary - THE SEEDS ARE NOT THE OVARY

Question 4

what is foliar theory?

Answer 4

suggests the ovary is derived from a leaf-like structure on which ovules are born
1. starts as a leaf
2. leaf closes in on itself
3. margins close + plant exudes sticky stuff for the pollen to stick to
4. boom we got a carpel!

Question 5

what is the difference between a simple and compound ovary?

Answer 5

simple has one carpel per fold, compound has multiple carpel per fold

Question 6

carpels have many parts. what are they?

Answer 6

pericarp: outside protective layer that isn’t technically part of the carpel
exocarpel: outside layer of the carpel
mesocarpel: middle layer
endocarpel: inner layer

layers develop differently depending on the fruit

Question 7

what were the first cultivated fruits?

Answer 7

dates, olives, grapes, pomegranates in africa, asia, and europe

Question 8

where were figs domesticated, and when?

Answer 8

egypt, about 4700 years ago

Question 9

where were grapes domesticated, and when?

Answer 9

idk but we have evidence of a greek writer talking about them 4200 years ago

Question 10

where were peaches domesticated, and when?

Answer 10

china, about 8000 years ago

Question 11

where were pears domesticated, and when?

Answer 11

china, about 3000 years ago

Question 12

what did theophrastus write about?

Answer 12

greek fruit culture in his book ‘history of plants’ which incl cultivation, grafting, and other techniques

Question 13

what is the temperate zone?

Answer 13

climate is warm in summer, cold in winter, and moderate in spring and fall

Question 14

in a peach, what is the exo-, meso-, and endocarpel?

Answer 14

exo: the skin
meso: the fleshy fruit
endo: the pit that covers the seed

Question 15

what is a key trait of the Rosaceae genus?

Answer 15

stone fruits w extremely tough pits

Question 16

what is the difference between peaches and nectarines?

Answer 16

nectarines have a single gene that’s turned off that makes them fuzzless

Question 17

what are the types of peach pits?

Answer 17

free stone: not attached to the flesh
clingy: attached to the flesh

Question 18

what is the difference between a superior and inferior ovary position?

Answer 18

superior: ovary sits above attachment point for sepals + petals
–> fruit is just formed from the ovary

inferior: ovary sits below attachment point for sepals + petals
–> fruit is formed from ovary + accessory parts

Question 19

how many carpels do apples have?

Answer 19

five, with two seeds per carpel (10 seeds total)

Question 20

how does the exo, meso, endocarpel develop for apples? bonus: what happens to the sepals?

Answer 20

endocarp is the leathery bits in the core

for the mesocarp idk its like the inner half of the fruit (outer half is the floral parts)

exocarp becomes the skin so it’s kinda not really included..

bonus: sepals become the calyx

Question 21

what da fuck is going on with raspberries

Answer 21

consists of 75-125 druplets on a receptacle, each containing a single seed

multiple carpels come from a single flower

Question 22

what da fuck is going on with strawberries?

Answer 22

they are achenes which means they have dry fruits. what this means is that those ‘seeds’ on the outside of the strawberry aren’t actually seeds, each one is an entire ovary

Question 23

how did modern strawberries come about?

Answer 23

F. virginiana x F. chiloensis