Learning theories and types of guidance Flashcards
- Describe operant conditioning (5 Marks)
Behaviour shaping by developing stimulus response bonds (SR Bonds)
Lots of trial and error
Positive reinforcement to strengthen SR bond when a desired response occurs
Negative reinforcement to strengthen an SR bond by removing negative action when a desired response occurs
Punishment to weaken an SR bond when a undesired response occurs
Thorndike’s laws: Law of effect, law of exercise, law of readiness
- What could be some advantages and disadvantages of using operant conditioning
+ Can be a fast way to learn skills
+ Good for young people when they receive praise, leading to more motivation
- Leads to not being able to adapt performance
- Too much praise can lead to overreliance, loss of motivation and arrogance
. Describe cognitive theory of learning (3 Marks)
Learning best achieved when learning the whole skill
Learning takes place in realistic situations, often game-based activities
Learning through problem solving
Learning happens by using past experiences to aid correct decision making
- What could be some advantages and disadvantages of using cognitive theory
+ Develops a deeper and better understanding of situations
+ Can adapt and apply skills better
+ Learning skill as whole develops kinaesthetic feel
- No good for complex or dangerous skills
- May not have any past experiences to draw upon
- Learning can be slower, particularly for beginners and younger players
Describe observational learning (8 Marks)
- Attention
- In order to be able to copy, the learner first needs to pay attention to the demonstration
- They must focus on important cues - Retention
- Observer must be able to remember the model that is presented - Motor reproduction
- The observer must be physically and mentally able to imitate the school - Motivation
- The learner must be motivated in order for learning to occur
What factors can effect observational learning at each stage?
Attention - attractiveness of the model, competency of the model, status of the model, role model
Retention - If the demonstration is repeated, if the cues are explained, if mental rehearsal happens
Motor reproduction - If the cues have been explained
Motivation - If reinforcement is being given to the performer, if incentives are present
What are the three stages of learning movement skills?
Cognitive, associative, autonomous
What are the characteristics of a performer in the cognitive stage?
Lots of trial and error
Lots of conscious thought
Skills are jerky and lack fluency
Skills are inconsistent
What are the characteristics in the associative stage?
Increased fluency of skills
Beginning to form motor programmes
Matching mental picture with actual performance
What are the characteristics of the autonomous stage?
Little conscious thought
Performance is consistent with good accuracy and fluency
Focus is on tactics and strategy as opposed to skill execution
Performer using internal feedback to correct performance
How can coaches help move performers from cognitive stage to associative stage?
Positive feedback
Allow lots of practice time and time for trial and error
Provide visual guidance to develop mental picture
Provide manual or mechanical guidance to develop kinesthetics
How can coaches help move performers from associative stage to autonomous stage?
Continue to provide practice time
More feedback on how to improve weakness in performance and shift to intrinsic from extrinsic
Describe visual guidance
The use of a demonstration that the performer can see to aid learning
Describe verbal guidance
The use of instructions or teaching points that the performer can hear to aid learning
Describe manual guidance
The use of physical support, by a coach moving a performer into a position to aid learning
