Learning and memory quiz prpjet Flashcards
When using implosive therapy, the client’s image of:
A. a stimulus associated with the problem behavior is paired with an image of a scene that naturally elicits relaxation.
B. a stimulus associated with the problem behavior is paired with an image of a stimulus that naturally produces an incompatible and undesirable response.
C. a feared stimulus is embellished by the therapist with psychodynamic themes.
D. a feared stimulus is embellished with a “relief scene.”
Answer C is correct. Implosive therapy is a type of exposure that’s always conducted in imagination and incorporates psychodynamic elements.
Davidson and Parker’s (2013) meta-analysis of the research suggests that the effectiveness of EMDR is due to:
A. replacement of dysfunctional thoughts with more adaptive ones.
B. the acquisition of adequate coping skills.
C. replacement of the fear response with an incompatible response.
D. repeated exposure to the feared object or event.
Answer D is correct. Based on their review of the research, Davidson and Parker (2013) concluded that eye movements do not add to the effectiveness of EMDR and that its effectiveness is attributable to repeated exposure to the feared object or event in imagination.
To eliminate a client’s nail-biting, a therapist instructs her to paint her nails with a foul-tasting substance. The therapist is using which of the following interventions? A. aversion therapy B. implosive therapy C. reciprocal inhibition D. covert sensitization
Answer A is correct. When using aversion therapy, a stimulus associated with the problem behavior (or the problem behavior itself) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces an unpleasant response that’s incompatible with that behavior. In the situation described in this question, nail-biting is the CS, while the foul-tasting substance is the US that causes nausea or other unpleasant response (the UR). As a result of pairing nail-biting with the foul-tasting substance, nail-biting will stop because it has become associated with an unpleasant response (CR).
When using covert sensitization, the client’s image of:
A. a stimulus associated with the problem behavior is paired with an image of a scene that naturally elicits relaxation.
B. a stimulus associated with the problem behavior is paired with an image of a stimulus that naturally produces an incompatible and undesirable response.
C. a feared stimulus is embellished by the therapist with psychodynamic themes.
D. a feared stimulus is embellished with a “relief scene.”
Answer B is correct. Covert sensitization is a type of aversion therapy (aversive counterconditioning) that’s conducted in imagination and involves pairing presentation of the stimulus (CS) associated with the problem behavior with a stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an incompatible and undesirable response.
Research using the dismantling strategy has found that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is responsible for the beneficial effects of systematic desensitization. A. reciprocal inhibition B. response prevention C. extinction D. higher-order conditioning
Answer C is correct. Wolpe viewed reciprocal inhibition (counterconditioning) to be responsible for the effectiveness of systematic desensitization, but studies using the dismantling strategy have found extinction (repeated exposure to the CS without the US) to be the curative factor.
Whenever Charlie, a chronic user of an opioid drug, stops taking the drug, he quickly develops withdrawal symptoms and starts taking the drug again. In this situation, Charlie’s drug use is being maintained by which of the following? A. positive punishment B. negative punishment C. positive reinforcement D. negative reinforcement
Answer D is correct. Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior increases or continues because a stimulus is removed following the behavior. In the situation described in this question, Charlie continues taking the drug because it stops his withdrawal symptoms.
Which of the following reinforcement schedules is likely to produce the fastest rate of acquisition of a behavior and the greatest resistance to extinction? A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval
Answer B is correct. Of the four intermittent schedules, the variable ratio (VR) schedule produces the highest rate of responding and greatest resistance to extinction. The effectiveness of this schedule is evidenced by gambling – e.g., when playing a slot machine, a person continues playing because he/she is being reinforced on a variable ratio schedule.
With regard to stimulus control, a negative discriminative stimulus:
A. is a secondary reinforcer.
B. is a backup reinforcer.
C. signals that a behavior will not be reinforced.
D. signals that a behavior will be followed by negative (but not positive) punishment.
Answer C is correct. A negative discriminative stimulus signals that reinforcement will not be provided following performance of a particular behavior, while a positive discriminative stimulus signals that reinforcement will be provided.
The matching law is useful for understanding the effects of rate of reinforcement on: A. rate of responding. B. susceptibility to extinction. C. stimulus discrimination. D. stimulus generalization.
Answer A is correct. According to the matching law, when two or more behaviors are concurrently reinforced on different schedules, the rate of performing each behavior is proportional to the frequency of the reinforcement.
A behavior that’s acquired as the result of avoidance conditioning is not likely to extinguish because it’s being:
A. maintained by positive reinforcement.
B. maintained by negative reinforcement.
C. reinforced on a variable ratio schedule.
D. reinforced on a variable interval schedule.
Answer B is correct. Avoidance conditioning occurs when a stimulus signals that an unpleasant stimulus is about to be applied and a behavior increases because it allows the individual to avoid the unpleasant stimulus. In this situation, the individual’s behavior is being negatively reinforced.
Differential reinforcement combines:
A. stimulus control and positive reinforcement.
B. stimulus control and negative reinforcement.
C. extinction and positive reinforcement.
D. extinction and negative reinforcement.
Answer C is correct. Differential reinforcement combines extinction of an undesirable behavior with reinforcement for desired behaviors.
The two forms of overcorrection are: A. restitution and positive practice. B. restitution and graded practice. C. shaping and positive practice. D. shaping and graded practice.
Answer A is correct. Overcorrection consists of two procedures that can be used alone or together – restitution and positive practice.
A rat is trained to press a lever to obtain food by first providing food when it’s facing the lever, then only when it’s facing the lever and is close to it, then only when it’s facing the lever and is next to it, then only when it touches the lever with its paw, and then only when it presses the lever. The technique being used to train the rat to press the lever is which of the following? A. chaining B. shaping C. discrimination training D. differential reinforcement
Answer B is correct. Shaping is also known as successive approximation conditioning because it involves providing reinforcement only for behaviors that come closer and closer to the desired behavior.
In a facility for adults with schizophrenia, patients earn tokens when they engage in desirable behaviors and lose tokens when they engage in undesirable behaviors. Losing tokens is an example of which of the following? A. differential reinforcement B. Premack principle C. secondary reinforcement D. response cost
Answer D is correct. Response cost is an application of negative punishment and involves removing a specific reinforcer (e.g., tokens) following a behavior in order to decrease that behavior.
Access to a preferred activity is contingent on performance of a less preferred activity when using which of the following? A. response cost B. differential reinforcement C. Premack principle D. chaining
Answer C is correct. When using the Premack principle, a high frequency or preferred behavior is used as reinforcement for a low frequency or less preferred behavior in order to increase the low frequency behavior.
