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Phase 2 4. Neurology > learning and memory > Flashcards

learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention?

A

A global (subordinate) cognitive process encompassing multiple sensory modalities, operating across sensory domains

It can also be domain-specific (focal), e.g. spatial awareness and visual awareness

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2
Q

What cognitive processes does attention encompass?

A
  • Arousal
  • vigilance
  • divided attention
  • selective attention
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3
Q

What is arousal?

A

A general state of wakefulness and responsivity

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4
Q

What is vigilance?

A

capacity to maintain attention over prolonged periods of time

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5
Q

What is divided attention?

A

ability to respond to more than one task at once

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6
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Ability to focus on one stimulus while suppressing competing stimuli

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7
Q

What is the significance of a breakdown of global attention?

A

delerium/acute confusional state

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8
Q

What is a sign of impaired arousal?

A

drowsiness

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9
Q

What is a sign of impaired vigilance

A

impersistance

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10
Q

What is a sign of impaired divided and selective attention?

A

distractible

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of a breakdown of domain-specific/focal attention?

A
  • visual innatention
  • sensory innatention
  • neglect
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12
Q

How is the modulation of global and focal attention controlled?

A

Through the reciprocal interaction between the prefrontal/parietal/limbic cortex and the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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13
Q

What is ‘top down’ regulation?

A

Cortical structures regulate downwards to the ARAS

Involved in intentional processes

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14
Q

What is ‘bottom up’ regulation?

A

ARAS regulate upwards to the cortical structures

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15
Q

What symptoms occur with a non-functional ARAS?

A
  • drowsiness
  • delirium
  • coma
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16
Q

What symptoms occur with a focal injury to the cortical structures?

A
  • inattention
  • neglect
  • drowsiness
  • delirium
  • coma

(due to interrupting the reciprocal regulation)

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17
Q

What is the ARAS?

A

network of neurons projecting up from the brainstem nuclei up to the thalamus and then into the cortex

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18
Q

How is attention tested in clinical practice?

A
  • orientation in time and space
  • serial 7’s
  • digit span and digit backwards
  • months of the year or days of the week in reverse order
  • Alternation tasks
  • Stroop test
  • Star cancellation test
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19
Q

How is memory classified?

A

broadly divided into long-term and working memory

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20
Q

What are the features of working memory?

A
  • immediate recall of small amounts of verbal or spatial information
  • appears to function independently of (but in parallel with) long-term memory
  • subcomponents of working memory
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21
Q

where do words, numbers and melodies get stored?

A

‘phonological store’ in the dominant hemisphere in the cortex around the sylvian fissure

This is the language are

22
Q

where do visual and spatial information get stored?

A

The ‘visual sketchpad’ in the non-dominant hemisphere in the parieto-occipital lobe

23
Q

What regulates the ‘visual sketchpad’ and the ‘phonological store’?

A

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

24
Q

How can long-term memory be subdivided?

A
  • Explicit (declarative)

- Implicit (procedural)

25
Q

What is explicit long-term memory?

A
  • declarative

- related to consious reflection

26
Q

What is implicit long-term memory?

A
  • procedural

- motor skills not really available to conscious reflection

27
Q

How is explicit memory subsivided?

A
  • episodic

- semantic

28
Q

How is implicit memory subdivided?

A
  • motor skills

- classical conditioning

29
Q

What is episodic memory?

A
  • form of explicit (declarative memory)
  • available to conscious reflection
  • personally experienced, temporally specific time/events

Stored in relation to the context in which they were learned

30
Q

Name two structures that are important in regards to episodic memory

A
  • medial temporal lobe (especially the hippocampus)

- diencephalon (specifically the mamillary bodies and the thalamic nuclei

31
Q

What is the circuit of papez?

A

A neural circuit for the control of memory and emotional expression

projections from the hippocampus into the mamillary body then into the thalamus (specifically the anterior nucleus of the thalamus) and then up into the cingulate gyrus and then back into the hippocampic formation

32
Q

How is the circuit of papez regulated?

A

in a top down manner by higher cortical senses.
It is the pre-frontal cortex, especially the dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex that has an important role in regulating that circuit.

33
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

No anatomical area, but functional area

  • temporal organisation of episodic memory
  • interacts with structures within the extended limbic system
34
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A
  • A type of acute episodic memory impairment causing a pure amnesia
35
Q

How does transient global amnesia present?

A

sudden onset of inability to create new memories. The immediate memory is working, so new information can be retained for a few seconds. Everything else in the patient is retained, such as personality, motor skill, etc. No lesion is found on the brain scan. This lasts for a few hours, with no lasting complications for the patient other than a period of time with amnesia at which they developed the symptoms

36
Q

What is delirium?

A

A type of acute episodic memory impairment that causes a mixed deficit

37
Q

What is transient epileptic amnesia?

A

A type of acute episodic memory impairment that causes a pure amnesia

38
Q

What is dementia?

A

A type of chronic episodic memory impairment that causes a mixed deficit

39
Q

What are examples of hippocampal damage in relation to memory impairment?

A
  • HSV encephalitis
  • anoxia
  • early alzeimers
40
Q

what does hippocampal damage cause in relation to memory impairment?

A

A type of chronic episodic memory impairment that results in a pure amnesia

41
Q

What are examples of diencephalon damage in relation to memory impairment?

A
  • korsakoff’s syndrome
  • bilateral thalamic stroke
  • post subarachnoid haemorrhage
42
Q

what does diencephalon damage cause in relation to memory impairment?

A

A type of chronic episodic memory impairment, that causes a pure amnesia

43
Q

How is episodic memory tested clinically?

A
  • recall of complex verbal information (stories in the Wechsler memory scales)
  • word-list learning (california verbal learning test)
  • recognition of newly encountered words and faces (warrington’s recognition memory test)
  • recall of geometric figures (Rey-Osterrieth Figure test)
44
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

a form of explicit (declarative memory) that is available to conscious access and reflection

Generally factual information and vocabulary that is stored independent of context, time and personal re4levance

45
Q

Describe the somantic memory network

A
  • Key area is the left hemisphere (particularly the anterior temporal cortex)
  • The angular gyrus in the parietal lobe is also involved

These structures are connected by circuits (though to be particularly involved in vocabulary)

46
Q

How is somantic memory stored?

A

In relation to category. The axis going from ventral to dorsal and as you progress more dorsally, the information progresses from visual to non visual.

The axis going from anterior to posterior - from complex ideas of love and hatred anteriorly to basic ideas like knowing a table is a table posteriorly.

47
Q

Damage to which region results in semantic memory impairment?

A

Anterior temporal cortical destruction or atrophy

48
Q

List examples of disease that affect semantic memory

A
  • herpes simplex encephalitis
  • trauma
  • tumours
  • alzeimer’s dementia
  • semantic dementia (a form of frontotemporal dementia)
49
Q

What deficit is present in anterior temporal destruction or atrophy?

A

A mixed cognitive deficit, where the problems with the semantic memory is also linked with lots of other cognitive problems

50
Q

How is semantic memory tested clinically?

A
  • tests of general knowledge and vocabulary
  • fluency
  • object naming to confrontation (e.g. name as many animals in 60s as possible)
  • tests of verbal knowledge (e.g. what colour is a banana?)
  • person-based tasks (e.g. naming photos of famous people)
51
Q

What is implicit memory?

A
  • acquisition of motor skills that cannot be easily explained (e.g. riding a bike)
  • no conscious access to implicit memory stores
52
Q

What can cause implicit memory impairment?

A
  • Korsakoff’s syndrome (alcohol related dementia)

- haemorrhage in non-dominant hemisphere basal ganglia

Phase 2 4. Neurology (29 decks)

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