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Phase 2 4. Neurology > Anatomy of the face > Flashcards

Anatomy of the face Flashcards

1
Q

What is the coronal suture?

A

The region between the frontal and the two parietal bones

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2
Q

What is the sagittal suture?

A

The region between the two parietal bones

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3
Q

What is the lambdoid suture?

A

The region between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones

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4
Q

What is the nasion?

A

The point at which the frontal and nasal bones meet

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5
Q

What is the bregma?

A

The point at which the coronal and sagittal sutures meet

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6
Q

What is the lambda?

A

The point at which the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet

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7
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The point at which the frontal, sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones meet

The middle meningeal artery lies beneath this region

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8
Q

What is the asterion?

A

The point at which the temporal, parietal and occipital bones meet

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9
Q

What is the inion?

A

The point at which the external occipital protuberance meet

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10
Q

What are the compartments of the head?

A
  • cranium
  • orbits
  • nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
  • ears
  • oral cavity
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11
Q

What are the surface anatomy points of the face?

A
  • glabella
  • zygomatic bone
  • ear
  • philtrum
  • nasolabial sulcus
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12
Q

What is the glabella?

A

A smooth prominence on the frontal bone above the root of the nose

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13
Q

What is the philtrum?

A

Midline infranasal depression of the upper lip

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14
Q

What is the nasolabial sulcus?

A

The line between the nose and the corner of the lip

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15
Q

Describe the frontal bone

A

Forms the forehead
is thicker anteriorly
contains the frontal sinuses

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16
Q

Describe the nasal bones

A

Paired bones that form the root of the nose

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17
Q

Describe the lacrimal bones

A

Small, paired bones that form parts of the anteromedial wall of the orbit and contain the lacrimal sac

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18
Q

Describe the zygomatic bones

A

Paired cheekbones that form the inferolateral rim of the orbit

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19
Q

Describe the maxilla

A

Paired bones that form part of the cheek and the contain 16 maxillary teeth

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20
Q

Describe the mandible

A

Lower jaw bone that contains 16 mandibular teeth

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21
Q

Describe the parietal bones

A

Paired bones that form the superolateral portion of the neurocranium

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22
Q

Describe the temporal bones

A

Paired bones that form the lower portion of the lateral neurocranium and contain the middle and inner ear cavities, and the vestibular system for balance

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23
Q

Describe the sphenoid bone

A

Complex bone comprised of a central body, and greater and lesser wings

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24
Q

Describe the occipital bone

A

Forms the inferoposterior portion of the neurocranium

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25
Q

Describe the ethmoid bone

A

Forms the ethmoid sinuses, and contributes to the medial, lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity

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26
Q

Describe the inferior concha bones

A

Paired bones of the lateral nasal wall that form the inferior nasal concha

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27
Q

Describe the vomer bone

A

Forms the lower part of the nasal septum

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28
Q

Describe the palatine bone

A

Contributes to the lateral nasal wall, a small part of the nasal septum and the hard palate

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29
Q

What is the origin of the frontalis muscle?

A

The skin of forehead

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30
Q

Where does the frontalis muscle insert?

A

Epicranial aponeurosis

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31
Q

What is the main action of the frontalis muscle?

A

Elevates the eyebrows and forehead

Wrinkles forehead

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32
Q

What is the orgin of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal bone

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33
Q

Where does the orbicularis oculi muscle insert?

A

The skin around the margin of the orbit; tarsal plate

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34
Q

What is the main action of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

Closes eyelids

  • orbital part forcefully
  • palpebral part for blinking
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35
Q

What is the orgin of the nasalis muscle?

A

The superior part of the canine ridge of the maxilla

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36
Q

Where does the nasalis muscle insert?

A

Nasal cartilages

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37
Q

What is the main action of the nasalis muscle?

A

Draws the ala of the nose towards septum to compress opening

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38
Q

What is the origin of the orbicularis oris muscle

A

Median plane of maxilla superiorly and mandible inferiorly

Other fibers from deep surface of skin

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39
Q

Where does the orbicularis oris muscle insert?

A

Mucous membrane of the lips

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40
Q

What is the main action of the orbicularis oris muscle?

A

Closes and protrudes lips (e.g. purses them during whistling)

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41
Q

What is the origin of the levator labii superioris?

A

The frontal process of the maxilla and infra-orbital region

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42
Q

Where does the levator labii superioris muscle insert?

A

The skin of the upper lip and alar cartilage

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43
Q

What is the main action of the levator labii superioris muscle?

A

Elevates lip, dilates nostril, raises angle of the mouth

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44
Q

What is the origin of the platysma muscle?

A

Superficial fascia of deltoid and pectoral regions

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45
Q

Where does the platysma muscle insert?

A

Madible, skin of cheek, angle of mouth and orbicularis oris

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46
Q

What is the main action of the platysma muscle?

A

Depresses the mandible and tenses the skin of the lower face and neck

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47
Q

What is the origin of the mentalis?

A

Incisive fossa of mandible

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48
Q

Where does the mentalis muscle insert?

A

Skin of the chin

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49
Q

What is the main action of the mentalis muscle?

A

Elevates and protrudes the lower lip and wrinkles the chin

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50
Q

What is the origin of the buccinator muscle?

A

Madible, pterygomandibular and alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

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51
Q

Where does the buccinator muscle insert?

A

Angle of mouth

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52
Q

What is the main action of the buccinator muscle?

A

Presses cheek against molar teeth, aiding chewing

53
Q

What is the origin of the zygomaticus major muscle?

A

The anterior aspect of the zygomatic arch

54
Q

Where does the zygomaticus major muscle insert?

A

In the modiolus of the mouth

55
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus major muscle?

A

Draws the angle of the mouth upwards and laterally

56
Q

Which muscles contribute to the modiolus of the mouth?

A
  • orbicularis oris
  • buccinator
  • levator anguli oris
  • depressor anguli oris
  • zygomaticus major
  • risorius
  • platysma
  • levator labii superioris
57
Q

What is the origin of the zygomaticus minor muscle?

A

The zygomatic bone

58
Q

Where does the zygomaticus minor muscle insert?

A

The skin of the upper lip

59
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus minor muscle?

A

Elevates the upper lip

60
Q

What is the origin of the risorius muscle?

A

The parotid fascia

61
Q

Where does the risorius muscle insert?

A

The modiolus of the mouth

62
Q

What is the action of the risorius muscle?

A

Draws back the angle of the mouth

63
Q

What is the origin of the depressor labii inferioris muscle?

A

The oblique line of the mandible between the symphysis and the mental foramen

Continuous with platysma muscle

64
Q

Where does the depressor labii inferioris muscle insert?

A

Skin of the lower lip, blending with the orbicularis oris muscle

65
Q

What is the main action of the depressor labii inferioris muscle?

A

Depression of the lower lips

66
Q

What is the origin of the levator anguli oris muscle?

A

Maxilla

67
Q

Where does the levator anguli oris muscle insert?

A

Modiolus of the mouth

68
Q

What is the action of the levator anguli oris muscle

A

Elevates the angle of the mouth

69
Q

What is the origin of the depressor anguli oris muscle?

A

Tubercle of mandible

70
Q

Where does the depressor anguli oris muscle insert?

A

Modiolus of the mouth

71
Q

What is the main action of the depressor anguli oris muscle?

A

Depresses angle of the mouth

72
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve in the face?

A
  • Temporal
  • Zygomatic
  • Buccal
  • Marginal mandibular
  • Cervical
73
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the frontalis muscle?

A

The temporal branch

74
Q

Which facial nerve branches innervate the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

The temporal and zygomatic branches

75
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the orbicularis oris muscle?

A

The buccal branch

76
Q

Which facial nerve branches innervate the zygomaticus major muscle?

A

The zygomatic and buccal branches

77
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the zygomaticus minor muscle?

A

The buccal branch

78
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the levator labii superioris muscle?

A

The zygomatic branch

79
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the depressor labii inferioris muscle?

A

The marginal mandibular branch

80
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the levator anguli oris muscle?

A

The buccal branch

81
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the depressor anguli oris muscle?

A

The marginal mandibular branch

82
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the risorius muscle?

A

The buccal branch

83
Q

Which facial nerve branch innervates the buccinator muscle?

A

The buccal branch

84
Q

How do you test the function of the temporal branch of the facial nerve?

A

Ask the patient to frown or wrinkle their forehead

85
Q

How do you test the function of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve?

A

Ask the patient to close their eyes tighly and resist opening them

86
Q

How do you test the function of the buccal branch of the facial nerve?

A

Ask the patient to puff out their cheeks. Tap on their cheeks to test for air expulsion

Ask the patient to smile and show teeth

87
Q

How do you test the function of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve?

A

Ask the patient to depress the mouth when frowning

88
Q

How do you test the function of the cervical branch of the facial nerve?

A

Ask the patient to grimace - testing the platysma muscle

89
Q

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

The superficial temporal artery and the maxillary artery

90
Q

Where does the maxillary artery travel?

A

Through the infratemporal fossa, through the two heads of the lateral ptergoid muscle

91
Q

Where does the inferior alveolar artery arise from and what does it supply?

A

A branch of the maxillary artery

It supplies the body of the mandible

92
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery arise from and what does it supply?

A

It branches off the maxillary artery

Supplies nutrients to the vault of the skull

93
Q

What is the name of the venous plexus in the face?

A

The pterygoid plexus of veins

94
Q

Where does the pterygoid plexus receive blood from?

A

Veins that accompany the local arteries

95
Q

Where does the pterygoid plexus drain blood to?

A

Into the facial vein via a deep facial vein

96
Q

What other vessels branch off from the external carotid artery?

A

The occipital and posterior auriculi

97
Q

Which arteries form an anastomoses in the head?

A

The occipital, posterior auriculi and the superficial temporal arteries from the external carotid artery in addition to two branches from the internal carotid artery: the supraorbital artery and the supratrochlear artery

98
Q

Where is the parotid salivary gland?

A

In front of the ear just below the temporomandibular joint

99
Q

What is the innervation of the parotid gland?

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

100
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

A

A serous gland

101
Q

Where does the parotid duct travel?

A

From the convex anterior edge, piercing the cheek to enter the mouth near the upper second molar tooth

102
Q

Which nerve branches are embedded within the parotid duct?

A

CN VII, the facial nerve

103
Q

What is the accessory parotid?

A

A small piece of parotid tissue that sits above the parotid duct. Also known as the superficial lobe

104
Q

What is the origin of the masseter muscle?

A

the zygomatic arch and maxillary process of the zygomatic bone

105
Q

Where does the masseter insert?

A

Angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible, coronoid process

106
Q

What is the innervation of the masseter muscle?

A

The mandibular nerve, the branch of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

107
Q

What is the main action of the masseter muscle?

A

Elevation (as in closing of the mouth) and protrusion of mandible

108
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?

A

Temporal lines on the parietal bone of the skull and the superior temporal surface of the sphenoid bone.

109
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle insert?

A

The coronoid process of the mandible

110
Q

What is the innervation of the temporalis muscle?

A

The deep temporal nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve CNV)

111
Q

What is the action of the temporalis muscle?

A

Elevation and retraction of mandible

112
Q

What is the origin of the medial pterygoidal muscle?

A
  • deep head: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind the upper teeth
  • superficial head: pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity
113
Q

Where does the medial pterygoidal muscle insert?

A

Medial angle of the mandible

114
Q

What is the innervation of the medial pterygoidal muscle?

A

mandibular nerve

115
Q

What is the main action of the medial pterygoidal muscle?

A

Elevates the mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side

116
Q

What is the origin of the lateral pterygoidal muscle?

A
  • Superior head: infratemporal fossa

- Inferior head: lateral pterygoid plate

117
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoidal muscle insert?

A
  • Superior head: anterior side of the condyle.

- Inferior head: pterygoid fovea

118
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral pterygoidal muscle?

A

The lateral pterygoid nerve branch of the mandibular nerve

119
Q

What is the main action of the lateral pterygoidal muscle?

A

Depresses the mandible, protrudes the mandible and moves the mandible from side to side

120
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

A

There are three divisions:

  • Opthalmic (V.1)
  • Maxillary (V.2)
  • Mandibular (V.3)
121
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory innervation of the face?

A

CN V (trigeminal)

122
Q

Which brain innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

CN VII (facial)

123
Q

Where is the submandibular glandfound?

A

in the floor of the mouth and enters the oral cavity lateral to the lingual frenulum

The ducts run under the mucosa on either side of the midline of the floor of the mouth

124
Q

Where is the sublingual gland found?

A

lie beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands

Their ducts, the lesser sublingual ducts open into the floor of the mouth in the oral cavity proper

125
Q

Describe the physiology of the salivary glands

A
  • produces ~ 1500ml saliva per day

- sight/smell of food typically initiates salivation, but once food is ingested, large amounts of saliva is secreted

126
Q

Describe the innervation of the salivary glands

A

the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve supplies most salivary glands. except for the parotid gland which is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

127
Q

Describe the consequences of severed salivary ducts

A
  • a salivary mucocele can result from a severed, damaged or blocked salivary duct
    typically occurs on the inner surface of the lower lip
  • often spontaneously resolve on their own
128
Q

What is a salivary mucocele?

A

mucus-like cyst which is very common

Phase 2 4. Neurology (29 decks)

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