Anatomy of the face Flashcards
1
Q
What is the coronal suture?
A
The region between the frontal and the two parietal bones
2
Q
What is the sagittal suture?
A
The region between the two parietal bones
3
Q
What is the lambdoid suture?
A
The region between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones
4
Q
What is the nasion?
A
The point at which the frontal and nasal bones meet
5
Q
What is the bregma?
A
The point at which the coronal and sagittal sutures meet
6
Q
What is the lambda?
A
The point at which the sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet
7
Q
What is the pterion?
A
The point at which the frontal, sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones meet
The middle meningeal artery lies beneath this region
8
Q
What is the asterion?
A
The point at which the temporal, parietal and occipital bones meet
9
Q
What is the inion?
A
The point at which the external occipital protuberance meet
10
Q
What are the compartments of the head?
A
- cranium
- orbits
- nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
- ears
- oral cavity
11
Q
What are the surface anatomy points of the face?
A
- glabella
- zygomatic bone
- ear
- philtrum
- nasolabial sulcus
12
Q
What is the glabella?
A
A smooth prominence on the frontal bone above the root of the nose
13
Q
What is the philtrum?
A
Midline infranasal depression of the upper lip
14
Q
What is the nasolabial sulcus?
A
The line between the nose and the corner of the lip
15
Q
Describe the frontal bone
A
Forms the forehead
is thicker anteriorly
contains the frontal sinuses
16
Q
Describe the nasal bones
A
Paired bones that form the root of the nose
17
Q
Describe the lacrimal bones
A
Small, paired bones that form parts of the anteromedial wall of the orbit and contain the lacrimal sac
18
Q
Describe the zygomatic bones
A
Paired cheekbones that form the inferolateral rim of the orbit
19
Q
Describe the maxilla
A
Paired bones that form part of the cheek and the contain 16 maxillary teeth
20
Q
Describe the mandible
A
Lower jaw bone that contains 16 mandibular teeth
21
Q
Describe the parietal bones
A
Paired bones that form the superolateral portion of the neurocranium
22
Q
Describe the temporal bones
A
Paired bones that form the lower portion of the lateral neurocranium and contain the middle and inner ear cavities, and the vestibular system for balance
23
Q
Describe the sphenoid bone
A
Complex bone comprised of a central body, and greater and lesser wings
24
Q
Describe the occipital bone
A
Forms the inferoposterior portion of the neurocranium
25
Describe the ethmoid bone
Forms the ethmoid sinuses, and contributes to the medial, lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity
26
Describe the inferior concha bones
Paired bones of the lateral nasal wall that form the inferior nasal concha
27
Describe the vomer bone
Forms the lower part of the nasal septum
28
Describe the palatine bone
Contributes to the lateral nasal wall, a small part of the nasal septum and the hard palate
29
What is the origin of the frontalis muscle?
The skin of forehead
30
Where does the frontalis muscle insert?
Epicranial aponeurosis
31
What is the main action of the frontalis muscle?
Elevates the eyebrows and forehead
| Wrinkles forehead
32
What is the orgin of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal bone
33
Where does the orbicularis oculi muscle insert?
The skin around the margin of the orbit; tarsal plate
34
What is the main action of the orbicularis oculi muscle?
Closes eyelids
- orbital part forcefully
- palpebral part for blinking
35
What is the orgin of the nasalis muscle?
The superior part of the canine ridge of the maxilla
36
Where does the nasalis muscle insert?
Nasal cartilages
37
What is the main action of the nasalis muscle?
Draws the ala of the nose towards septum to compress opening
38
What is the origin of the orbicularis oris muscle
Median plane of maxilla superiorly and mandible inferiorly
Other fibers from deep surface of skin
39
Where does the orbicularis oris muscle insert?
Mucous membrane of the lips
40
What is the main action of the orbicularis oris muscle?
Closes and protrudes lips (e.g. purses them during whistling)
41
What is the origin of the levator labii superioris?
The frontal process of the maxilla and infra-orbital region
42
Where does the levator labii superioris muscle insert?
The skin of the upper lip and alar cartilage
43
What is the main action of the levator labii superioris muscle?
Elevates lip, dilates nostril, raises angle of the mouth
44
What is the origin of the platysma muscle?
Superficial fascia of deltoid and pectoral regions
45
Where does the platysma muscle insert?
Madible, skin of cheek, angle of mouth and orbicularis oris
46
What is the main action of the platysma muscle?
Depresses the mandible and tenses the skin of the lower face and neck
47
What is the origin of the mentalis?
Incisive fossa of mandible
48
Where does the mentalis muscle insert?
Skin of the chin
49
What is the main action of the mentalis muscle?
Elevates and protrudes the lower lip and wrinkles the chin
50
What is the origin of the buccinator muscle?
Madible, pterygomandibular and alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
51
Where does the buccinator muscle insert?
Angle of mouth
52
What is the main action of the buccinator muscle?
Presses cheek against molar teeth, aiding chewing
53
What is the origin of the zygomaticus major muscle?
The anterior aspect of the zygomatic arch
54
Where does the zygomaticus major muscle insert?
In the modiolus of the mouth
55
What is the action of the zygomaticus major muscle?
Draws the angle of the mouth upwards and laterally
56
Which muscles contribute to the modiolus of the mouth?
- orbicularis oris
- buccinator
- levator anguli oris
- depressor anguli oris
- zygomaticus major
- risorius
- platysma
- levator labii superioris
57
What is the origin of the zygomaticus minor muscle?
The zygomatic bone
58
Where does the zygomaticus minor muscle insert?
The skin of the upper lip
59
What is the action of the zygomaticus minor muscle?
Elevates the upper lip
60
What is the origin of the risorius muscle?
The parotid fascia
61
Where does the risorius muscle insert?
The modiolus of the mouth
62
What is the action of the risorius muscle?
Draws back the angle of the mouth
63
What is the origin of the depressor labii inferioris muscle?
The oblique line of the mandible between the symphysis and the mental foramen
Continuous with platysma muscle
64
Where does the depressor labii inferioris muscle insert?
Skin of the lower lip, blending with the orbicularis oris muscle
65
What is the main action of the depressor labii inferioris muscle?
Depression of the lower lips
66
What is the origin of the levator anguli oris muscle?
Maxilla
67
Where does the levator anguli oris muscle insert?
Modiolus of the mouth
68
What is the action of the levator anguli oris muscle
Elevates the angle of the mouth
69
What is the origin of the depressor anguli oris muscle?
Tubercle of mandible
70
Where does the depressor anguli oris muscle insert?
Modiolus of the mouth
71
What is the main action of the depressor anguli oris muscle?
Depresses angle of the mouth
72
What are the branches of the facial nerve in the face?
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal mandibular
- Cervical
73
Which facial nerve branch innervates the frontalis muscle?
The temporal branch
74
Which facial nerve branches innervate the orbicularis oculi muscle?
The temporal and zygomatic branches
75
Which facial nerve branch innervates the orbicularis oris muscle?
The buccal branch
76
Which facial nerve branches innervate the zygomaticus major muscle?
The zygomatic and buccal branches
77
Which facial nerve branch innervates the zygomaticus minor muscle?
The buccal branch
78
Which facial nerve branch innervates the levator labii superioris muscle?
The zygomatic branch
79
Which facial nerve branch innervates the depressor labii inferioris muscle?
The marginal mandibular branch
80
Which facial nerve branch innervates the levator anguli oris muscle?
The buccal branch
81
Which facial nerve branch innervates the depressor anguli oris muscle?
The marginal mandibular branch
82
Which facial nerve branch innervates the risorius muscle?
The buccal branch
83
Which facial nerve branch innervates the buccinator muscle?
The buccal branch
84
How do you test the function of the temporal branch of the facial nerve?
Ask the patient to frown or wrinkle their forehead
85
How do you test the function of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve?
Ask the patient to close their eyes tighly and resist opening them
86
How do you test the function of the buccal branch of the facial nerve?
Ask the patient to puff out their cheeks. Tap on their cheeks to test for air expulsion
Ask the patient to smile and show teeth
87
How do you test the function of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve?
Ask the patient to depress the mouth when frowning
88
How do you test the function of the cervical branch of the facial nerve?
Ask the patient to grimace - testing the platysma muscle
89
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
The superficial temporal artery and the maxillary artery
90
Where does the maxillary artery travel?
Through the infratemporal fossa, through the two heads of the lateral ptergoid muscle
91
Where does the inferior alveolar artery arise from and what does it supply?
A branch of the maxillary artery
It supplies the body of the mandible
92
What does the middle meningeal artery arise from and what does it supply?
It branches off the maxillary artery
Supplies nutrients to the vault of the skull
93
What is the name of the venous plexus in the face?
The pterygoid plexus of veins
94
Where does the pterygoid plexus receive blood from?
Veins that accompany the local arteries
95
Where does the pterygoid plexus drain blood to?
Into the facial vein via a deep facial vein
96
What other vessels branch off from the external carotid artery?
The occipital and posterior auriculi
97
Which arteries form an anastomoses in the head?
The occipital, posterior auriculi and the superficial temporal arteries from the external carotid artery in addition to two branches from the internal carotid artery: the supraorbital artery and the supratrochlear artery
98
Where is the parotid salivary gland?
In front of the ear just below the temporomandibular joint
99
What is the innervation of the parotid gland?
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
100
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
A serous gland
101
Where does the parotid duct travel?
From the convex anterior edge, piercing the cheek to enter the mouth near the upper second molar tooth
102
Which nerve branches are embedded within the parotid duct?
CN VII, the facial nerve
103
What is the accessory parotid?
A small piece of parotid tissue that sits above the parotid duct. Also known as the superficial lobe
104
What is the origin of the masseter muscle?
the zygomatic arch and maxillary process of the zygomatic bone
105
Where does the masseter insert?
Angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible, coronoid process
106
What is the innervation of the masseter muscle?
The mandibular nerve, the branch of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)
107
What is the main action of the masseter muscle?
Elevation (as in closing of the mouth) and protrusion of mandible
108
What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?
Temporal lines on the parietal bone of the skull and the superior temporal surface of the sphenoid bone.
109
Where does the temporalis muscle insert?
The coronoid process of the mandible
110
What is the innervation of the temporalis muscle?
The deep temporal nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve CNV)
111
What is the action of the temporalis muscle?
Elevation and retraction of mandible
112
What is the origin of the medial pterygoidal muscle?
- deep head: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind the upper teeth
- superficial head: pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity
113
Where does the medial pterygoidal muscle insert?
Medial angle of the mandible
114
What is the innervation of the medial pterygoidal muscle?
mandibular nerve
115
What is the main action of the medial pterygoidal muscle?
Elevates the mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side
116
What is the origin of the lateral pterygoidal muscle?
- Superior head: infratemporal fossa
| - Inferior head: lateral pterygoid plate
117
Where does the lateral pterygoidal muscle insert?
- Superior head: anterior side of the condyle.
| - Inferior head: pterygoid fovea
118
What is the innervation of the lateral pterygoidal muscle?
The lateral pterygoid nerve branch of the mandibular nerve
119
What is the main action of the lateral pterygoidal muscle?
Depresses the mandible, protrudes the mandible and moves the mandible from side to side
120
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
There are three divisions:
- Opthalmic (V.1)
- Maxillary (V.2)
- Mandibular (V.3)
121
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation of the face?
CN V (trigeminal)
122
Which brain innervates the muscles of facial expression?
CN VII (facial)
123
Where is the submandibular glandfound?
in the floor of the mouth and enters the oral cavity lateral to the lingual frenulum
The ducts run under the mucosa on either side of the midline of the floor of the mouth
124
Where is the sublingual gland found?
lie beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands
Their ducts, the lesser sublingual ducts open into the floor of the mouth in the oral cavity proper
125
Describe the physiology of the salivary glands
- produces ~ 1500ml saliva per day
| - sight/smell of food typically initiates salivation, but once food is ingested, large amounts of saliva is secreted
126
Describe the innervation of the salivary glands
the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve supplies most salivary glands. except for the parotid gland which is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
127
Describe the consequences of severed salivary ducts
- a salivary mucocele can result from a severed, damaged or blocked salivary duct
typically occurs on the inner surface of the lower lip
- often spontaneously resolve on their own
128
What is a salivary mucocele?
mucus-like cyst which is very common
