Anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

Question 1

Which sinuses make up the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 1

• Frontal
• Ethmoid
• Maxillary
• Sphenoid

Question 2

Which cells line the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 2

respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified columnar with cilia

Question 3

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 3

• Reduce weight of facial skeleton
• Warm and humidify inspired air
• Adding resonance to the voice
• Drain mucus secretions into the nasal cavities

Question 4

How can the paranasal sinuses be drained?

Answer 4

Sneezing, blowing the nose, gravity

Question 5

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 5

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 6

Which structure is found at the most posterior point of the tongue?

Answer 6

The epiglottis

Question 7

What is the epiglottis made of?

Answer 7

Elastic cartilage making it rather springy

Question 8

What are the defining points of the nasopharynx?

Answer 8

Begins when the nasal septum ends

Ends where the soft palate ends

Question 9

What structure can be found in the side wall of the nasopharynx?

Answer 9

The opening of the auditory tube

Question 10

What is the auditory tube made of?

Answer 10

Cartilage towards the mouth and bone towards the ear

Question 11

What surrounds the auditory tube?

Answer 11

The tubal elevation, containing lymphoid tissue called the tubal tonsil

Question 12

What structure is adjacent to the opening of the auditory tube?

Answer 12

The pharyngeal recess, or fossa of reosenmuller

Question 13

What is the pharyngeal recess or fossa of rosenmuller?

Answer 13

A deep recess that almost reaches the internal carotid artery at the base of the skull

Question 14

What lymphoid tissue is found at the back of the nasopharynx?

Answer 14

The pharyngeal tonsil or adenoids

Question 15

What is the palatoglossal fold?

Answer 15

A fold in the mucosa where the palatoglossal muscle is found

Question 16

Where is the palatoglossal fold found?

Answer 16

At the back of the oral cavity. Marks the point where the oropharynx begins

Question 17

What additional fold is found near the palatoglossal fold?

Answer 17

The palatopharyngeal fold

Question 18

What is the palatopharyngeal fold?

Answer 18

A fold at the edge of the soft palate where the palatopharyngeal muscle sits

Question 19

What is the main action of the palatopharyngeal muscle?

Answer 19

Pulls on the soft palate to the area where the nasopharynx becomes the oropharynx to help stop drinks entering the nasal cavity when you swallow

Question 20

Where is the palatine tonsil found?

Answer 20

Between the palatoglossal fold and the palatopharyngeal fold

Question 21

Where is the lingual tonsil found?

Answer 21

Under the posterior 2/3 of the tongue

Question 22

What signifies the end of the oropharynx and the start of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 22

The tip of the epiglottis

Question 23

What is the vallecula fossa?

Answer 23

A pit between the posterior tongue and epiglottis

Fish bones can get caught here

Question 24

What is the piriform fossa?

Answer 24

A shallow recess found at the laryngopharynx near the inlet to the larynx

Pear shaped

Common for fish bones to be caught in this area

Question 25

What is the name given to the collective tonsils?

Answer 25

Waldeyer's ring

Question 26

What tonsils are found in waldeyer's ring?

Answer 26

1 pharyngeal tonsil 2 tubal tonsils 2 palatine tonsils 1 lingual tonsils

Question 27

What is the norma lateralis of the skull?

Answer 27

The lateral wall of the skull

Question 28

What bones are found in the norma lateralis of the skull?

Answer 28

``` Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Zygomatic Mandible Maxilla Nasal ```

Question 29

What bones make up the nasal cavity?

Answer 29

- Ethmoid | - Sphenoid

Question 30

Describe the ethmoid bone

Answer 30

Unpaired bone that contains the ethmoid aire cells (sinuses) Contributes to the roof and the lateral and medial walls of the nasal cavity

Question 31

Descibe the sphenoid bone

Answer 31

Unpaired bone that contains the sphenoid sinus Froms the posterior part of the cavity

Question 32

What areas does air entering the nose pass through?

Answer 32

- Nares - Vestibule - Respiratory region - Olfactory region - Choanae

Question 33

What is the nares

Answer 33

Anterior apertures or nostrils

Question 34

What is the vestibule?

Answer 34

Dilated portion of the nose inside each aperture | Contains highly vasculised epithelium with hair

Question 35

What is the respiratory region?

Answer 35

The nasal cavity proper | Lined with highly vascular respiratory epithelium and three conchae

Question 36

What is the conchae?

Answer 36

The curled shelf of bone within the nasal cavity

Question 37

What is the purpose of conchae?

Answer 37

To increase the surface area for filtering, warming and humidifying inspired air

Question 38

What are turbinates?

Answer 38

Chonchae covered in respiratory epithelium

Question 39

What is the olfactory region?

Answer 39

Small apical region of nasal cavity where the olfactory receptors reside

Question 40

What is the choanae?

Answer 40

The posterior apertures where the nasal cavity communicates with the nasopharynx

Question 41

What is the innervation of the frontal sinus?

Answer 41

sensory fibers from V.1 (supra-orbital)

Question 42

What is the arterial supply of the frontal sinus?

Answer 42

Anterior ethmoidal arteries (from opthalmic)

Question 43

Where does the frontal sinus drain to?

Answer 43

Into the semilunaris hiatus via the frontonasal duct

Question 44

What is the innervation of the ethmoid sinus?

Answer 44

Sensory fibers from V.1 (nasociliary nerve's ethmoidal branches) and V.2 (orbital branches)

Question 45

What is the arterial supply to the ethmoid sinus?

Answer 45

Ethmoidal arteries (from opthalmic)

Question 46

What is the drainage of the anterior portion of the ethmoid sinus?

Answer 46

Into the semilunaris hiatus (middle meatus)

Question 47

What is the drainage of the middle portion of the ethmoid sinus?

Answer 47

Drains into the ethmoid bulla (middle meatus)

Question 48

What is the drainage of the posterior portion of the ethmoid sinus?

Answer 48

Drains into the superior meatus

Question 49

What is the innervation of the sphenoid sinus?

Answer 49

Sensory fibers from V.2 (orbital branches)

Question 50

What is the arterial supply of the sphenoid sinus?

Answer 50

Pharyngeal arteries (from maxillary)

Question 51

What is the drainage of the sphenoid sinus?

Answer 51

Drains into the spheno-ethmoidal recess above the superior concha

Question 52

What is the innervation of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 52

Sensory fibers from V.2 (infra-orbital and alveolar branches)

Question 53

What is the blood supply of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 53

The infra-orbital and alveolar arteries

Question 54

What is the drainage of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 54

Drains into the semilunar hiatus (middle meatus)

Question 55

What drains into the inferior meatus?

Answer 55

The nasolacrimal duct drains tears

Question 56

What is the end point of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 56

The inferior aspect of the cricoid cartilage

Question 57

Describe the cricoid cartilage

Answer 57

- Shaped like a signet ring - Made of hyaline cartilage - Only cartilage of the larynx that is a complete ring

Question 58

Where does the epiglottis come from?

Answer 58

Behind the thyroid cartilge

Question 59

What is the laryngeal prominence?

Answer 59

An important surface landmark, also known as the Adam's apple

Question 60

What is the vocal fold?

Answer 60

A fold inside the mucosa of the larynx containing some elastic fibers in its core

Question 61

Where does the vocal fold run from?

Answer 61

The arytenoid cartilage inside the thyroid cartilage to the laryngeal prominence

Question 62

Where is the arytenoid cartilage present?

Answer 62

On both sides of the larynx

Question 63

What is the cricothyroid joint?

Answer 63

A synovial joint between the thyroid cartilage and the crcioid cartilage at the projection of its inferior horn

Question 64

What muscle runs up the side of the thyroid cartilage bilaterally?

Answer 64

The cricothyroid muscles

Question 65

What action does the cricothyroid muscle have?

Answer 65

Pulls the thyroid cartilage very slightly towards the cricoid cartilage, causing a slight rotation in the cricothyroid joint, which tenses the vocal folds and raises the pitch, making the voice higher

Question 66

What is the cricothyroid ligament?

Answer 66

Ligament joining the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

Question 67

Describe the thyroid cartilage

Answer 67

2 hyaline laminae and laryngeal prominence

Question 68

Describe the cricoid cartilage

Answer 68

Signet-shaped hyaline cartilage just inferior to the thyroid

Question 69

Describe the epiglottis

Answer 69

spoon shaped elastic plate attached to the thyroid cartilage

Question 70

Describe the arytenoid cartilage

Answer 70

Paired pyramidal cartilages that rotate on cricoid cartilage

Question 71

Describe the corniculate cartilage

Answer 71

Paired cartilages that lie on the apex of arytenoid cartilages

Question 72

Describe the cuneiform cartilage

Answer 72

Paired cartilages in ary-epiglottic folds that have no articulations