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Phase 2 4. Neurology > Anatomy of the upper respiratory tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of the upper respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

Which sinuses make up the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Maxillary
  • Sphenoid
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2
Q

Which cells line the paranasal sinuses?

A

respiratory epithelium - pseudostratified columnar with cilia

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3
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Reduce weight of facial skeleton
  • Warm and humidify inspired air
  • Adding resonance to the voice
  • Drain mucus secretions into the nasal cavities
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4
Q

How can the paranasal sinuses be drained?

A

Sneezing, blowing the nose, gravity

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5
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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6
Q

Which structure is found at the most posterior point of the tongue?

A

The epiglottis

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7
Q

What is the epiglottis made of?

A

Elastic cartilage making it rather springy

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8
Q

What are the defining points of the nasopharynx?

A

Begins when the nasal septum ends

Ends where the soft palate ends

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9
Q

What structure can be found in the side wall of the nasopharynx?

A

The opening of the auditory tube

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10
Q

What is the auditory tube made of?

A

Cartilage towards the mouth and bone towards the ear

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11
Q

What surrounds the auditory tube?

A

The tubal elevation, containing lymphoid tissue called the tubal tonsil

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12
Q

What structure is adjacent to the opening of the auditory tube?

A

The pharyngeal recess, or fossa of reosenmuller

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13
Q

What is the pharyngeal recess or fossa of rosenmuller?

A

A deep recess that almost reaches the internal carotid artery at the base of the skull

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14
Q

What lymphoid tissue is found at the back of the nasopharynx?

A

The pharyngeal tonsil or adenoids

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15
Q

What is the palatoglossal fold?

A

A fold in the mucosa where the palatoglossal muscle is found

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16
Q

Where is the palatoglossal fold found?

A

At the back of the oral cavity. Marks the point where the oropharynx begins

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17
Q

What additional fold is found near the palatoglossal fold?

A

The palatopharyngeal fold

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18
Q

What is the palatopharyngeal fold?

A

A fold at the edge of the soft palate where the palatopharyngeal muscle sits

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19
Q

What is the main action of the palatopharyngeal muscle?

A

Pulls on the soft palate to the area where the nasopharynx becomes the oropharynx to help stop drinks entering the nasal cavity when you swallow

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20
Q

Where is the palatine tonsil found?

A

Between the palatoglossal fold and the palatopharyngeal fold

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21
Q

Where is the lingual tonsil found?

A

Under the posterior 2/3 of the tongue

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22
Q

What signifies the end of the oropharynx and the start of the laryngopharynx?

A

The tip of the epiglottis

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23
Q

What is the vallecula fossa?

A

A pit between the posterior tongue and epiglottis

Fish bones can get caught here

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24
Q

What is the piriform fossa?

A

A shallow recess found at the laryngopharynx near the inlet to the larynx

Pear shaped

Common for fish bones to be caught in this area

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25
Q

What is the name given to the collective tonsils?

A

Waldeyer’s ring

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26
Q

What tonsils are found in waldeyer’s ring?

A

1 pharyngeal tonsil
2 tubal tonsils
2 palatine tonsils
1 lingual tonsils

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27
Q

What is the norma lateralis of the skull?

A

The lateral wall of the skull

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28
Q

What bones are found in the norma lateralis of the skull?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Mandible
Maxilla
Nasal
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29
Q

What bones make up the nasal cavity?

A
  • Ethmoid

- Sphenoid

30
Q

Describe the ethmoid bone

A

Unpaired bone that contains the ethmoid aire cells (sinuses)

Contributes to the roof and the lateral and medial walls of the nasal cavity

31
Q

Descibe the sphenoid bone

A

Unpaired bone that contains the sphenoid sinus

Froms the posterior part of the cavity

32
Q

What areas does air entering the nose pass through?

A
  • Nares
  • Vestibule
  • Respiratory region
  • Olfactory region
  • Choanae
33
Q

What is the nares

A

Anterior apertures or nostrils

34
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Dilated portion of the nose inside each aperture

Contains highly vasculised epithelium with hair

35
Q

What is the respiratory region?

A

The nasal cavity proper

Lined with highly vascular respiratory epithelium and three conchae

36
Q

What is the conchae?

A

The curled shelf of bone within the nasal cavity

37
Q

What is the purpose of conchae?

A

To increase the surface area for filtering, warming and humidifying inspired air

38
Q

What are turbinates?

A

Chonchae covered in respiratory epithelium

39
Q

What is the olfactory region?

A

Small apical region of nasal cavity where the olfactory receptors reside

40
Q

What is the choanae?

A

The posterior apertures where the nasal cavity communicates with the nasopharynx

41
Q

What is the innervation of the frontal sinus?

A

sensory fibers from V.1 (supra-orbital)

42
Q

What is the arterial supply of the frontal sinus?

A

Anterior ethmoidal arteries (from opthalmic)

43
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain to?

A

Into the semilunaris hiatus via the frontonasal duct

44
Q

What is the innervation of the ethmoid sinus?

A

Sensory fibers from V.1 (nasociliary nerve’s ethmoidal branches) and V.2 (orbital branches)

45
Q

What is the arterial supply to the ethmoid sinus?

A

Ethmoidal arteries (from opthalmic)

46
Q

What is the drainage of the anterior portion of the ethmoid sinus?

A

Into the semilunaris hiatus (middle meatus)

47
Q

What is the drainage of the middle portion of the ethmoid sinus?

A

Drains into the ethmoid bulla (middle meatus)

48
Q

What is the drainage of the posterior portion of the ethmoid sinus?

A

Drains into the superior meatus

49
Q

What is the innervation of the sphenoid sinus?

A

Sensory fibers from V.2 (orbital branches)

50
Q

What is the arterial supply of the sphenoid sinus?

A

Pharyngeal arteries (from maxillary)

51
Q

What is the drainage of the sphenoid sinus?

A

Drains into the spheno-ethmoidal recess above the superior concha

52
Q

What is the innervation of the maxillary sinus?

A

Sensory fibers from V.2 (infra-orbital and alveolar branches)

53
Q

What is the blood supply of the maxillary sinus?

A

The infra-orbital and alveolar arteries

54
Q

What is the drainage of the maxillary sinus?

A

Drains into the semilunar hiatus (middle meatus)

55
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus?

A

The nasolacrimal duct drains tears

56
Q

What is the end point of the laryngopharynx?

A

The inferior aspect of the cricoid cartilage

57
Q

Describe the cricoid cartilage

A
  • Shaped like a signet ring
  • Made of hyaline cartilage
  • Only cartilage of the larynx that is a complete ring
58
Q

Where does the epiglottis come from?

A

Behind the thyroid cartilge

59
Q

What is the laryngeal prominence?

A

An important surface landmark, also known as the Adam’s apple

60
Q

What is the vocal fold?

A

A fold inside the mucosa of the larynx containing some elastic fibers in its core

61
Q

Where does the vocal fold run from?

A

The arytenoid cartilage inside the thyroid cartilage to the laryngeal prominence

62
Q

Where is the arytenoid cartilage present?

A

On both sides of the larynx

63
Q

What is the cricothyroid joint?

A

A synovial joint between the thyroid cartilage and the crcioid cartilage at the projection of its inferior horn

64
Q

What muscle runs up the side of the thyroid cartilage bilaterally?

A

The cricothyroid muscles

65
Q

What action does the cricothyroid muscle have?

A

Pulls the thyroid cartilage very slightly towards the cricoid cartilage, causing a slight rotation in the cricothyroid joint, which tenses the vocal folds and raises the pitch, making the voice higher

66
Q

What is the cricothyroid ligament?

A

Ligament joining the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

67
Q

Describe the thyroid cartilage

A

2 hyaline laminae and laryngeal prominence

68
Q

Describe the cricoid cartilage

A

Signet-shaped hyaline cartilage just inferior to the thyroid

69
Q

Describe the epiglottis

A

spoon shaped elastic plate attached to the thyroid cartilage

70
Q

Describe the arytenoid cartilage

A

Paired pyramidal cartilages that rotate on cricoid cartilage

71
Q

Describe the corniculate cartilage

A

Paired cartilages that lie on the apex of arytenoid cartilages

72
Q

Describe the cuneiform cartilage

A

Paired cartilages in ary-epiglottic folds that have no articulations

Phase 2 4. Neurology (29 decks)

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