Learning

Question 1

how often should you text someone if you want them to stay interested

Answer 1

variable amounts, not fixed so people cannot predict

Question 2

types of learning

Answer 2

habitual, classical and operant conditioning

Question 3

describe what learning is

Answer 3

change in behavior as result of experience

Question 4

describe what behaviorism is

Answer 4

collection of theories that emphasize learning based on experience/environment rather than mentalism (features of human mind)

Question 5

nurture / empiricism

Answer 5

things are a result of environment and learning (behaviorism)

Question 6

nature / nativism

Answer 6

things are a result of the mind (mentalism)

Question 7

describe habitual learning

Answer 7

non-associative
decline in response to environmental stimuli after repeated exposure

Question 8

what is sensory adaptation

Answer 8

neural mechanism where cells no longer fire in response to same stimuli

Question 9

describe classical conditioning

Answer 9

learning of association based on repeated presentation of paired stimuli

Question 10

what is an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 10

physiological thing that causes response
food, shock that causes reflective response

Question 11

what is a conditioned response

Answer 11

pairing neutral stimulus that does not cause reflective response

Question 12

requirements for classical conditioning

Answer 12

conditioned stimulus has to be timed right (not too long)

Question 13

extinction

Answer 13

if the conditioned stimulus occurs without the unconditioned stimulus, response will start to be less eventually be extinct

Question 14

stimulus generalization

Answer 14

stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus will predictably cause the conditioned response

Question 15

scope and application of classical conditioning

Answer 15

applies to various animals
humans: fear, hunger, sex

Question 16

systematic desensitization

Answer 16

slowly start presenting objects more similar to conditioned stimulus to gradually reduce response

Question 17

why do we learn through classical conditioning

Answer 17

adaptive response: helps organism prepare / predict

Question 18

describe garcia effect / taste aversion

Answer 18

we immediately avoid foods that make us sick

Question 19

why can taking a drug in a new environment be fatal?

Answer 19

there are less cues to prepare body for toleration of drug

Question 20

why is garcia effect / taste aversion important or exist

Answer 20

organisms biologically prepared to learn association between food and sickness, showing conscious awareness is not necessary for association
response was NOT close in time (sickness occured hours later)

Question 21

define operant conditioning

Answer 21

organisms learn the relationships between actions and consequences
engage in behaviors that reward

Question 22

skinner theory of radical behaviorism

Answer 22

emphasized learning only through conditioning (rejected any innate skills or knowledge)

Question 23

successive approximation

Answer 23

reward behavior that is close to the desired behavior until obtain desired behavior

Question 24

positive reinforcement

Answer 24

a reinforcer is the thing that increases behavior
primary: food
secondary: money

Question 25

negative reinforcement

Answer 25

rewarding someone by removing something bad from the environment

Question 26

punishment

Answer 26

negative consequences in response to an unwanted behavior momentarily changes behavior but not long-term

Question 27

partial reinforcement

Answer 27

rewarding a behavior, but not every time

Question 28

fixed ratio partial reinforcement

Answer 28

rerward after every nth response

Question 29

variable ratio partial reinforcement

Answer 29

reward on average once in every n responses

Question 30

fixed interval partial reinforcement

Answer 30

reward every x seconds/minutes/hours

Question 31

variable interval partial reinforcement

Answer 31

reward once in every x seconds/minutes/hours

Question 32

Which partial reinforcement method is the best?

Answer 32

variable over fixed so people do not have an expectation

Question 33

how successful was behaviorism

Answer 33

led to scientific research conditioning close to laws

Question 34

spontaneous recovery

Answer 34

re-exposure to conditioned stimuli after extinction can sometimes evoke the conditioned response again

Question 35

Imagine a scenario where a dog is conditioned to salivate (conditional response) at the sound of a bell (CS) because it was consistently paired with food (unconditioned stimulus). If the dog undergoes extinction training (repeatedly hears the bell without food), the salivation response diminishes. However, if the dog is then exposed to the bell in a new context (a different room or environment), the conditioned response may spontaneously reappear.

Answer 35

renewal effect

Question 36

renewal effect

Answer 36

recovery of conditioned response in a new environment

Question 37

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable

Answer 37

reinforcer devaluation effect

Question 38

If a rat presses a lever and gets cheese but also gets sick, will they press it again and why?

Answer 38

no, reinforcer devaluation effect

Question 39

when something is no longer affected by reinforcer devaluation effect, what is this called

Answer 39

habit

Question 40

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 40

learning that occurs by observing the punishment of someone else