Book terms Flashcards
transcranial direct current stimulation
electrical current directly by placing small electrodes on the skull
transcranial magnetic stimulation
brief magnetic pulse is applied to the head that temporarily induces a weak electrical current in the brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
measures electrical activity of the brain
lesion induction
lobectomy
removing most or all of one of the lobes of the brain
diffuse optical imaging
light change when it passes through oxygenated blood
high spatial and temporal resolution
opponent process theory
our cones send information to retinal ganglion cells that respond to pairs of colors
webers law
bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed (5 vs. 10 and 100 vs 110)
differences in the somatosensory map
different regions are sized based on the sensitivity of specific parts on the opposite side of the body
how you’re still able to understand what friends are saying to you at a loud concert, as long as you are able to get visual cues from watching them speak
superadditive effect of multisensory integration
sensory adaptation
principle of inverse effectiveness
if one sense alone is already strong enough, adding information from other senses has a smaller effect.
In a noisy environment (weak auditory response), seeing someone’s lips move while they talk helps a lot. But in a quiet café (strong auditory response), you might not need the visual cues as much because the sound alone is clear.
The first is an example of what effect?
The second is an example of what effect?
additive, inverse
somatosensation
ability to sense touch, temperature and pain
light adaption
adjustment of eye to high levels of light
dark adaption
adjustment of eye to low levels of light
superadditive effect of multisensory integration
responses to multimodal stimuli are typically greater than the sum of the independent responses to each unimodal component if it were presented on its own.
Gestalt law of proximity
human eye perceives elements that are close together as more related
sustained attention
maintain focus
search tasks require which attention
sustained
divided attention
spatial attention
how we focus on one part of our environment and how we move attention to other locations in the
focusing on the speed of the car requires which attention
spatial attention
selective attention
cocktail party effect is due to which attention
selective
past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones
proactive interference
unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events
distinctiveness
If you have ever studied a second language, often times the grammar and vocabulary of your native language will pop into your head, impairing your fluency in the foreign language.
What interference is this
proactive
new information causes someone to forget old information
retroactive interference
when a behavior that is believed to be extinct unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response
spontaneous recovery
tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
ability to be influenced by an initially set number
anchoring
tendency to overemphasize the importance of recent experiences or the latest information we possess when estimating future events
recency bias
recency bias
tendency to overemphasize the importance of recent experiences or the latest information we possess when estimating future events
framing effects
way things are presented influences choices
retrieval depends on how much cues overlap (scuba experiment)
encoding specificity principle
best cues are what?
distinctive
We are most vulnerable to persuasion when the source is perceived as an authority, as honest and likable.
The triad of trust
Thorndike’s law of effect
when behavior has positive consequence, it is likely to be repeated in future; opposite for negative
blocking
if another stimuli is presented with another stimuli, the one that is learned to associate with response first only works
four aspects of observational learning according to Social Learning Theory
attention, retention, initiation, motivation
do older or younger children choose their environment with less parental influence
older
phonemic awareness
awareness of component sounds within words
intrapersonal functions of emotion
help use act quickly, influence thoughts, motivate future behaviors
social referencing
seeking out information from others to clarify a situation then use information to act
Are infants more likely to cross a glass surface if their mother drops a toy and is happy or angry or afraid? what is this phenomenon?
happy; social referencing (least when angry)
best strategy in prisoner’s dilemma
cooperation
rational self-interest
principle that people will make logical decisions based on maximizing their own gains and benefits
social value orientation
people’s preferences when dividing important resources between themselves and others: cooperative, individualistic, competitive
consequence of free riding
negative impact on social reputation
interindividual-intergroup discontinuity
tendency for relations between groups to be less cooperative than relations between individuals
what overrides the diffusion of responsibility
someone who fills obligation of role (doctor)
types of persuasion
central, peripheral, trust
someone is sincere, fair, and modest. which of HEXACO are they likely to be high in?
honesty and humility
types of objective tests
- asks people to describe themselves (self-report: valid, easy, thoughts but may overrepresent, focus on positive,
- ask another person to describe subject (reliable
reference group effect
tendency for you to base self-perceptions off other people
Shyness is an example of a psychological attribute exhibiting which type of stability?
a. Homotypic stability
b. Heterotypic stability
c. Differential stability
d. Absolute stability
heterotypic
when individuals seek out certain kinds of environments and experiences that are consistent with their personality characteristics
Active person–environment transactions
Risk-taking individuals may spend their leisure time very differently than more cautious individuals. what person-environment is this?
Active person–environment transactions
A large social gathering represents a psychologically different context to the highly extraverted person compared with the highly introverted person. what person-environment is this?
Reactive person–environment transactions
individuals draw out or evoke certain kinds of responses from their social environments because of their personality attributes. what person-environment is this?
evocative person- environment
what mechanisms are likely to produce personality stability
Attraction (feels right), selection (you fit), manipulation, and attrition (you dont fit)
what mechanism explains personality change
transformation
hostile attribution bias
aggressive individuals seem to interpret ambiguous social cues as threatening
transformation
changes in personality attributed to experience and life changes
planning fallacy
underestimate how long it will take to do something
how happy are those with more education and money
moderately happy
how happy are those with good relationships and volunteering
very happy
on the 20 statement test, what are US more likely to say than Asian
I am [emotion] rather than [social role]
