Book terms

Question 1

transcranial direct current stimulation

Answer 1

electrical current directly by placing small electrodes on the skull

Question 2

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 2

brief magnetic pulse is applied to the head that temporarily induces a weak electrical current in the brain

Question 3

electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 3

measures electrical activity of the brain

Question 4

lesion induction

Question 5

lobectomy

Answer 5

removing most or all of one of the lobes of the brain

Question 6

diffuse optical imaging

Answer 6

light change when it passes through oxygenated blood
high spatial and temporal resolution

Question 7

opponent process theory

Answer 7

our cones send information to retinal ganglion cells that respond to pairs of colors

Question 8

webers law

Answer 8

bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed (5 vs. 10 and 100 vs 110)

Question 9

differences in the somatosensory map

Answer 9

different regions are sized based on the sensitivity of specific parts on the opposite side of the body

Question 10

how you’re still able to understand what friends are saying to you at a loud concert, as long as you are able to get visual cues from watching them speak

Answer 10

superadditive effect of multisensory integration

Question 11

sensory adaptation

Question 12

principle of inverse effectiveness

Answer 12

if one sense alone is already strong enough, adding information from other senses has a smaller effect.

Question 13

In a noisy environment (weak auditory response), seeing someone’s lips move while they talk helps a lot. But in a quiet café (strong auditory response), you might not need the visual cues as much because the sound alone is clear.

The first is an example of what effect?
The second is an example of what effect?

Answer 13

additive, inverse

Question 14

somatosensation

Answer 14

ability to sense touch, temperature and pain

Question 15

light adaption

Answer 15

adjustment of eye to high levels of light

Question 16

dark adaption

Answer 16

adjustment of eye to low levels of light

Question 17

superadditive effect of multisensory integration

Answer 17

responses to multimodal stimuli are typically greater than the sum of the independent responses to each unimodal component if it were presented on its own.

Question 18

Gestalt law of proximity

Answer 18

human eye perceives elements that are close together as more related

Question 19

sustained attention

Answer 19

maintain focus

Question 20

search tasks require which attention

Answer 20

sustained

Question 21

divided attention

Question 22

spatial attention

Answer 22

how we focus on one part of our environment and how we move attention to other locations in the

Question 23

focusing on the speed of the car requires which attention

Answer 23

spatial attention

Question 24

selective attention

Question 25

cocktail party effect is due to which attention

Answer 25

selective

Question 26

past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones

Answer 26

proactive interference

Question 27

unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events

Answer 27

distinctiveness

Question 28

If you have ever studied a second language, often times the grammar and vocabulary of your native language will pop into your head, impairing your fluency in the foreign language. What interference is this

Answer 28

proactive

Question 29

new information causes someone to forget old information

Answer 29

retroactive interference

Question 30

when a behavior that is believed to be extinct unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response

Answer 30

spontaneous recovery

Question 31

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Answer 31

stimulus generalization

Question 32

ability to be influenced by an initially set number

Answer 32

anchoring

Question 33

tendency to overemphasize the importance of recent experiences or the latest information we possess when estimating future events

Answer 33

recency bias

Question 34

recency bias

Answer 34

tendency to overemphasize the importance of recent experiences or the latest information we possess when estimating future events

Question 35

framing effects

Answer 35

way things are presented influences choices

Question 36

retrieval depends on how much cues overlap (scuba experiment)

Answer 36

encoding specificity principle

Question 37

best cues are what?

Answer 37

distinctive

Question 38

We are most vulnerable to persuasion when the source is perceived as an authority, as honest and likable.

Answer 38

The triad of trust

Question 39

Thorndike's law of effect

Answer 39

when behavior has positive consequence, it is likely to be repeated in future; opposite for negative

Question 40

blocking

Answer 40

if another stimuli is presented with another stimuli, the one that is learned to associate with response first only works

Question 41

four aspects of observational learning according to Social Learning Theory

Answer 41

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Question 42

do older or younger children choose their environment with less parental influence

Answer 42

older

Question 43

phonemic awareness

Answer 43

awareness of component sounds within words

Question 44

intrapersonal functions of emotion

Answer 44

help use act quickly, influence thoughts, motivate future behaviors

Question 45

social referencing

Answer 45

seeking out information from others to clarify a situation then use information to act

Question 46

Are infants more likely to cross a glass surface if their mother drops a toy and is happy or angry or afraid? what is this phenomenon?

Answer 46

happy; social referencing (least when angry)

Question 47

best strategy in prisoner's dilemma

Answer 47

cooperation

Question 48

rational self-interest

Answer 48

principle that people will make logical decisions based on maximizing their own gains and benefits

Question 49

social value orientation

Answer 49

people's preferences when dividing important resources between themselves and others: cooperative, individualistic, competitive

Question 50

consequence of free riding

Answer 50

negative impact on social reputation

Question 51

interindividual-intergroup discontinuity

Answer 51

tendency for relations between groups to be less cooperative than relations between individuals

Question 52

what overrides the diffusion of responsibility

Answer 52

someone who fills obligation of role (doctor)

Question 53

types of persuasion

Answer 53

central, peripheral, trust

Question 54

someone is sincere, fair, and modest. which of HEXACO are they likely to be high in?

Answer 54

honesty and humility

Question 55

types of objective tests

Answer 55

1. asks people to describe themselves (self-report: valid, easy, thoughts but may overrepresent, focus on positive, 2. ask another person to describe subject (reliable

Question 56

reference group effect

Answer 56

tendency for you to base self-perceptions off other people

Question 57

Shyness is an example of a psychological attribute exhibiting which type of stability? a. Homotypic stability b. Heterotypic stability c. Differential stability d. Absolute stability

Answer 57

heterotypic

Question 58

when individuals seek out certain kinds of environments and experiences that are consistent with their personality characteristics

Answer 58

Active person–environment transactions

Question 59

Risk-taking individuals may spend their leisure time very differently than more cautious individuals. what person-environment is this?

Answer 59

Active person–environment transactions

Question 60

A large social gathering represents a psychologically different context to the highly extraverted person compared with the highly introverted person. what person-environment is this?

Answer 60

Reactive person–environment transactions

Question 61

individuals draw out or evoke certain kinds of responses from their social environments because of their personality attributes. what person-environment is this?

Answer 61

evocative person- environment

Question 62

what mechanisms are likely to produce personality stability

Answer 62

Attraction (feels right), selection (you fit), manipulation, and attrition (you dont fit)

Question 63

what mechanism explains personality change

Answer 63

transformation

Question 64

hostile attribution bias

Answer 64

aggressive individuals seem to interpret ambiguous social cues as threatening

Question 65

transformation

Answer 65

changes in personality attributed to experience and life changes

Question 66

planning fallacy

Answer 66

underestimate how long it will take to do something

Question 67

how happy are those with more education and money

Answer 67

moderately happy

Question 68

how happy are those with good relationships and volunteering

Answer 68

very happy

Question 69

on the 20 statement test, what are US more likely to say than Asian

Answer 69

I am [emotion] rather than [social role]