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PSYCH 1101 > Book terms > Flashcards

Book terms Flashcards

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1
Q

transcranial direct current stimulation

A

electrical current directly by placing small electrodes on the skull

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2
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

brief magnetic pulse is applied to the head that temporarily induces a weak electrical current in the brain

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3
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity of the brain

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4
Q

lesion induction

A
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5
Q

lobectomy

A

removing most or all of one of the lobes of the brain

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6
Q

diffuse optical imaging

A

light change when it passes through oxygenated blood
high spatial and temporal resolution

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7
Q

opponent process theory

A

our cones send information to retinal ganglion cells that respond to pairs of colors

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8
Q

webers law

A

bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed (5 vs. 10 and 100 vs 110)

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9
Q

differences in the somatosensory map

A

different regions are sized based on the sensitivity of specific parts on the opposite side of the body

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10
Q
A
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10
Q

how you’re still able to understand what friends are saying to you at a loud concert, as long as you are able to get visual cues from watching them speak

A

superadditive effect of multisensory integration

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11
Q

sensory adaptation

A
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12
Q

principle of inverse effectiveness

A

if one sense alone is already strong enough, adding information from other senses has a smaller effect.

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13
Q

In a noisy environment (weak auditory response), seeing someone’s lips move while they talk helps a lot. But in a quiet café (strong auditory response), you might not need the visual cues as much because the sound alone is clear.

The first is an example of what effect?
The second is an example of what effect?

A

additive, inverse

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14
Q

somatosensation

A

ability to sense touch, temperature and pain

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15
Q

light adaption

A

adjustment of eye to high levels of light

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16
Q

dark adaption

A

adjustment of eye to low levels of light

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17
Q

superadditive effect of multisensory integration

A

responses to multimodal stimuli are typically greater than the sum of the independent responses to each unimodal component if it were presented on its own.

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18
Q

Gestalt law of proximity

A

human eye perceives elements that are close together as more related

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19
Q

sustained attention

A

maintain focus

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20
Q

search tasks require which attention

A

sustained

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21
Q

divided attention

A
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22
Q

spatial attention

A

how we focus on one part of our environment and how we move attention to other locations in the

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23
Q

focusing on the speed of the car requires which attention

A

spatial attention

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24
Q

selective attention

A
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25
Q

cocktail party effect is due to which attention

A

selective

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26
Q

past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones

A

proactive interference

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27
Q

unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events

A

distinctiveness

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28
Q

If you have ever studied a second language, often times the grammar and vocabulary of your native language will pop into your head, impairing your fluency in the foreign language.

What interference is this

A

proactive

29
Q

new information causes someone to forget old information

A

retroactive interference

30
Q

when a behavior that is believed to be extinct unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response

A

spontaneous recovery

31
Q

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus generalization

32
Q

ability to be influenced by an initially set number

A

anchoring

33
Q

tendency to overemphasize the importance of recent experiences or the latest information we possess when estimating future events

A

recency bias

34
Q

recency bias

A

tendency to overemphasize the importance of recent experiences or the latest information we possess when estimating future events

35
Q

framing effects

A

way things are presented influences choices

36
Q

retrieval depends on how much cues overlap (scuba experiment)

A

encoding specificity principle

37
Q

best cues are what?

A

distinctive

38
Q

We are most vulnerable to persuasion when the source is perceived as an authority, as honest and likable.

A

The triad of trust

39
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect

A

when behavior has positive consequence, it is likely to be repeated in future; opposite for negative

40
Q

blocking

A

if another stimuli is presented with another stimuli, the one that is learned to associate with response first only works

41
Q

four aspects of observational learning according to Social Learning Theory

A

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

42
Q

do older or younger children choose their environment with less parental influence

A

older

43
Q

phonemic awareness

A

awareness of component sounds within words

44
Q

intrapersonal functions of emotion

A

help use act quickly, influence thoughts, motivate future behaviors

45
Q

social referencing

A

seeking out information from others to clarify a situation then use information to act

46
Q

Are infants more likely to cross a glass surface if their mother drops a toy and is happy or angry or afraid? what is this phenomenon?

A

happy; social referencing (least when angry)

47
Q

best strategy in prisoner’s dilemma

A

cooperation

48
Q

rational self-interest

A

principle that people will make logical decisions based on maximizing their own gains and benefits

49
Q

social value orientation

A

people’s preferences when dividing important resources between themselves and others: cooperative, individualistic, competitive

50
Q

consequence of free riding

A

negative impact on social reputation

51
Q

interindividual-intergroup discontinuity

A

tendency for relations between groups to be less cooperative than relations between individuals

52
Q

what overrides the diffusion of responsibility

A

someone who fills obligation of role (doctor)

53
Q

types of persuasion

A

central, peripheral, trust

54
Q

someone is sincere, fair, and modest. which of HEXACO are they likely to be high in?

A

honesty and humility

55
Q

types of objective tests

A
  1. asks people to describe themselves (self-report: valid, easy, thoughts but may overrepresent, focus on positive,
  2. ask another person to describe subject (reliable
56
Q

reference group effect

A

tendency for you to base self-perceptions off other people

57
Q

Shyness is an example of a psychological attribute exhibiting which type of stability?
a. Homotypic stability
b. Heterotypic stability
c. Differential stability
d. Absolute stability

A

heterotypic

58
Q

when individuals seek out certain kinds of environments and experiences that are consistent with their personality characteristics

A

Active person–environment transactions

59
Q

Risk-taking individuals may spend their leisure time very differently than more cautious individuals. what person-environment is this?

A

Active person–environment transactions

60
Q

A large social gathering represents a psychologically different context to the highly extraverted person compared with the highly introverted person. what person-environment is this?

A

Reactive person–environment transactions

61
Q

individuals draw out or evoke certain kinds of responses from their social environments because of their personality attributes. what person-environment is this?

A

evocative person- environment

62
Q

what mechanisms are likely to produce personality stability

A

Attraction (feels right), selection (you fit), manipulation, and attrition (you dont fit)

63
Q

what mechanism explains personality change

A

transformation

64
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

aggressive individuals seem to interpret ambiguous social cues as threatening

65
Q

transformation

A

changes in personality attributed to experience and life changes

66
Q

planning fallacy

A

underestimate how long it will take to do something

67
Q

how happy are those with more education and money

A

moderately happy

68
Q

how happy are those with good relationships and volunteering

A

very happy

69
Q

on the 20 statement test, what are US more likely to say than Asian

A

I am [emotion] rather than [social role]

PSYCH 1101 (16 decks)

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