Brain Flashcards

1
Q

neuroscience vs. psychology

A

neuro: study of brain (functions)
psych: study of mind (how brain works to inform the mind)

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2
Q

astonishing hypothesis

A

mental activities are due to behavior of nerve cells

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3
Q

philosophical dualism

A

nature of the mind is different from the body

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4
Q

intuitive dualism

A

we occupy bodies so thinking of the mind and bodies should be natural

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5
Q

localization

A

certain parts of the brain are responsible for different functions

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6
Q

types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

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7
Q

how did they discover how many neurons there are

A

took brain and put into blender to average neuron distribution, sampled and counted 86 million

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8
Q

how is intensity of neuron measured

A

number of neurons firing and frequency of firing

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9
Q

outline path of signal

A

dendrites -> axon covered in myelin sheath -> axon terminal

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10
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that send signals across neurons
can be excitatory (more likely to fire) or inhibitory (less likely to fire)

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11
Q

acetylcholine

A

stimulates muscle movement, memory, arousal, attention and mood

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12
Q

dopamine

A

1/4 monoamines
excite and inhibit
reinforcement learning, attention, movement, reward, pleasure, addition

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13
Q

serotonin

A

mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, appetite

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14
Q

noreiphephrine/noradrenaline

A

eating habits, alertness, wakefulness, fight-or-flight

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15
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter
low levels = anxiety

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16
Q

endorphins

A

relief from pain or stress of exercise, pleasure of eating, well-being

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17
Q

beta blocker drugs

A

blocks target chemicals for anxiety noreiphephrine (fight and flight)

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18
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

increase serotonin by inhibiting the reuptake of

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19
Q

agonist drugs

A

bind to receptors to produce a similar response

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20
Q

antagonist

A

binds to receptors to inhibit a response

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21
Q

how drugs increase neurotransmitters

A

influence chemical precursor of transmitter substance to increase production of neurotransmitter
drug prevents storage of transmitters in vesicles, increasing neurotransmitter floating around

22
Q

how drugs decrease neurotransmitters

A

inhibit or stimulate release of transmitter substance
block postsynaptic receptors

23
Q

amphetamine

A

take up space in vesicles
increase dopamine outside

24
Q

drugs that boost dopamine

A

cocaine and amphetamine

25
how does amphetamine psychosis arise
delusions and hallucinations resulting from too much dopamine
26
how can schizophrenia be improved (hallucinations and delusions)
using drugs that reduce dopamine
27
how does tardive dyskinesia arise
uncontrollable shaking from too little dopamine
28
how can Parkinsons be improved (uncontrollable movement)
increasing levels of dopamine (cocaine)
29
what part of brain is responsible for speech
Broca's area
30
what part of the brain is responsible for language comprehension
wernicke's area
31
what part of brain is responsible for memory and hearing
temporal lobe (hippocampus)
32
what part of brain is responsible for vision
occipital lobe
33
what part of brain is responsible for body sensations and visual attention
parietal lobe
34
what part of brain is responsible for motor movement and problem-solving
frontal lobe
35
what part of brain is responsible for voluntary muscles
motor area
36
what part of brain is responsible for skin sensations
sensory area
37
what part of brain is responsible for consciousness and heart-rate
brain stem
38
what part of brain is responsible for posture and balance
cerebellum
39
neuroplasticity
changes in physical structure and functional organization of brain due to experience learning causes neurons that fire and wire together
40
other evidence for neuroplasticity
after brain damage, another part of the brain picks up that function changes in amygdala due to post-traumatic stress greater when younger
41
what is the left hemisphere responsible for
numbers, language, speech, scientific skills, right-hand, reasoning
42
what is right hemisphere responsible for
3D, art and music awareness, imagination, left-hand, face recognition
43
corpus callosum
bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres
44
what is function lateralization
function dominance in one hemisphere of the brain over the other
45
what is contralateral mean
one side of brain controls OTHER side of body
46
why do we have 2 hemispheres
we are bilateral
47
sensory information in your right visual field gets went to where
left hemisphere
48
seizure or epilepsy
abnormal brain cell activity (electrical storm)
49
implications of identity of split brain
both parts of brain contribute to identity
50
4 parts of central nervous system
Forebrain, Midbrain, hindbrain, spinal cord
51
peripheral nervous system
somatic (volitional actions) and autonomic nervous systems (involuntary)