leanguage 2 Flashcards
steep
(of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle:
dik
It’s a steep climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it.
pathogen
any small organism, such as a virus or a bacterium that can cause disease:
patojen
a dangerous pathogen
spillover
an amount of liquid that has become too much for the object that contains it and flows or spreads out:
Taşma
The spillover from the adjacent river flooded the lower fields.
urge
a strong wish, especially one that is difficult or impossible to control:
dürtü, zorlama, kışkırtma
The two of them seem unable to control their sexual urges.
stoke
to add fuel to a large fire and move the fuel around with a stick so that it burns well and produces a lot of heat: ,
to encourage bad ideas or feelings in a lot of people:
harlamak , körüklemek
conservationist
someone who works to protect the environment from the damaging effects of human activity:
korumacı ,doğalcı , yeşilci
Conservationists are fighting to save the tiger.
hurdle
a frame or fence for jumping over in a race: ,
a problem that you have to deal with before you can make progress:
engel
He fell at the last hurdle. ,
permit
to allow something:
izin vermek
As it was such a special occasion, she permitted herself a small glass of champagne.
overcome
to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something:
üstesinden gelmek
Juventus overcame Ajax in a thrilling game.
thrilling
extremely exciting:
heyecan verici
The book is a thrilling adventure story.
bolster
to support or improve something or make it stronger: ,
a long firm cylinder-shaped pillow
destek, yastık, uzun yastık
She tried to bolster my confidence/morale (= encourage me and make me feel stronger) by telling me that I had a special talent.
replace
to take the place of something, or to put something or someone in the place of something or someone else:
yer değiştirmek
The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.
fieldwork
study that consists of practical activities that are done away from your school, college, or place of work:
fieldwork
They had to go to Africa to do their fieldwork
solid
hard or firm, keeping a clear shape:
katı, sağlam, masif
solid ground ,a solid object , a solid structure
excrement
the solid waste that is released from the bowels of a person or animal:
dışkı, pislik, kaka
human excrement
bowels
a long tube through which food travels while it is being digested after leaving the stomach; intestines
bağırsak, iç, iç kısım
Prisoners were generally confined to the bowels of the ship.
confine
to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way:
sınırlamak, hapsetmek, tutmak
Let’s confine our discussion to the matter in question, please!
guano
the excrement (= solid waste) of sea birds and bats:
deniz kuşu ve yarasa boku
fertilizer
a natural or chemical substance that is spread on the land or given to plants, to make plants grow well:
gübre, suni gübre
organic fertilizer , a liquid/chemical fertilizer
roost
a place, such as a branch of a tree, where birds rest or sleep:
tünek
At the close of day, the bird flies to its roost.
abundance
the situation in which there is more than enough of something:
bolluk
There was an abundance of food at the wedding.
resurrect
to bring someone back to life:
diriltmek
Almost all Christians believe that Jesus was resurrected from the dead.
cell
the smallest basic unit of a plant or animal ,
a small room with not much furniture, especially in a prison or a monastery or convent,
a device for producing electrical energy from chemical energy
Hücre , Pil , Göz
DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.
tissue
a group of connected cells in an animal or plant that are similar to each other, have the same purpose, and form the stated part of the animal or plant:
doku, ince kâğıt, kâğıt mendil
His face is covered with scar tissue where he was badly burned. , human tissue ,
plant tissue
disposable
A disposable product is intended to be thrown away after use:
tek kullanımlık
a disposable camera , disposable nappies
nappy
a square of thick soft paper or cloth that is fastened around a baby’s bottom and between its legs to absorb its urine and solid waste:
bebek bezi
She was changing the baby’s nappy
ensemble
a group of things or people acting or taken together as a whole, especially a group of musicians who regularly play together:
topluluk, grup, birlik
The Mozart Ensemble is/are playing at Carnegie Hall tonight.
expand
to increase in size, number, or importance, or to make something increase in this way:
genişletmek
The air in the balloon expands when heated.
shrink
to become smaller, or to make something smaller:
çekmek (kıyafetin çekmesi gibi) küçültmek, psikiyatrist
Your sweater will shrink if you wash it at too high a temperature. ,
I was so depressed that I ended up going to see a shrink.
demand
to ask for something forcefully, in a way that shows that you do not expect to be refused:
talep etmek
He has always demanded the highest standards of behaviour from his children.
envelope
a flat, usually square or rectangular, paper container for a letter
mektup ,zarf, kılıf, örtü
An envelope was waiting for me when I got home.
spy
a person who secretly collects and reports information about the activities of another country or organization
casus
The organization had been penetrated by a spy.
penetrate
to move into or through something:
nüfuz etmek, işlemek, içine girmek
Amazingly, the bullet did not penetrate his brain.
sampler
a collection that contains some examples of something, so that you can get an idea of what it is like: ,,,,,,
a decorative piece of cloth with letters, words, pictures, etc. sewed on it, made especially in the past and often hung on the wall like a picture
örnekleyici, örnekleri deneyen kimse, çeşnicibaşı
The full Mozart Collection is available on 45 CDs, or you can buy a more modest sampler of 12 CDs. ,
spacecraft
a vehicle used for travel in space:
uzay aracı
a manned/unmanned spacecraft (= with/without people inside)
sack
a large bag made of strong cloth, paper, or plastic, used to store large amounts of something:
çuval, torba, yağma
The corn was stored in large sacks ,
a sack of potatoes/coal/flour
flour
powder made from grain, especially wheat, used for making bread, cakes, pasta, pastry, etc.:
un
Thicken the sauce with a little flour. ,
estimated
roughly calculated or approximate:
tahmini
The bridge was begun five years ago and the estimated cost has already doubled. ,
The collection has fetched three times its estimated value at auction.
diabolical
extremely bad or shocking:
şeytani, şeytanca, şeytan gibi
Conditions in the prison were diabolical. ,
His driving is diabolical!
ironclad
very certain and unlikely to be changed:
zırhlı
ironclad rules
clad
(of people) dressed, or (of things) covered:
giyinmiş, örtülü, sarılmış
A strange figure appeared in the doorway, clad in white. ,,,
an ivy-clad wall
ivy
an evergreen plant (= one that never loses its leaves) that often grows up trees or buildings
sarmaşık
Ivy covered the broken walls.
beetle
an insect with a hard shell-like back:
böcek
a black beetle ,,,
a deathwatch beetle
intricate
having a lot of small parts that are arranged in a complicated or delicate way:
karmaşık, girift
exoskeleton
a hard outer layer that covers, supports, and protects the body of an invertebrate animal (= one without a line of bones in its back) such as an insect or crustacean:
dış iskelet
The white shells found on shore are exoskeletons of dead animals. ,,,
Crayfish sometimes consume their old exoskeleton after it has moulted.
predator
an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals:
avcı, yırtıcı hayvan
lions, wolves, and other predators
jaw
the lower part of your face that moves when you open your mouth:
çene, ağız, can sıkıcı öğüt
a broken jaw ,,, US a punch in the jaw ,,, He has a strong/square jaw.
interlock
to join together firmly, esp. by fitting one part into another
kilitlemek, kenetlemek, bağlamak
The edges interlock to form a tight seal.
ridge
a long, narrow raised part of a surface, especially a high edge along a mountain:
çıkıntı, sırt, yükselti
We walked along the narrow mountain ridge ,,,
A ridge (= a narrow area) of high pressure will bring good weather this afternoon.
vital
necessary for the success or continued existence of something; extremely important:
hayati, yaşamsal, canlı
A strong opposition is vital to a healthy democracy.
jigsaw
a picture stuck onto wood or cardboard and cut into pieces of different shapes that must be joined together correctly to form the picture again:
yapboz
We spent all evening doing a 1,000-piece jigsaw.
flat
level and smooth, with no curved, high, or hollow parts:
düz, yassı
An ice rink needs to be completely flat. ,,,
Much of the countryside in that region is very flat.
squash
to crush something into a flat shape:
ezmek, kabak
He accidentally sat on her hat and squashed it.
joint
belonging to or shared between two or more people: ,
a place in your body where two bones are connected:
birleştirmek, eklem yeri
The project was a joint effort between the two schools (= they worked on it together). ,,,
As you become older, your joints get stiffer.
stiff
firm or hard:
sert
His clothes were stiff with dried mud.
fracture
If something hard, such as a bone, fractures, or is fractured, it breaks or cracks:
kırık
She fractured her skull in the accident.
snap
to cause something that is thin to break suddenly and quickly with a cracking sound:
ani çıt sesi çıkarma
You’ll snap that ruler if you bend it too far.
shift
to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly: ,,,,
(of an idea, opinion, etc.) to change:
değiştirmek , vardiya
She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other.
catalyze , catalyse
to make a chemical reaction happen or happen more quickly by acting as a catalyst:
katalize etmek , kolaylaştırmak
It was thought that only proteins could catalyse reactions in cells.
occur
(especially of accidents and other unexpected events) to happen:
meydana gelmek, oluşmak,
An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane.
alongside
next to, or together with:
yanında
The new pill will be used alongside existing medicines.
hominid
a member of a group that consists of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orang-utangs, or an early form of one of these
insansı
reckon
to think or believe:
tahmin etmek , hesaplamak
How much do you reckon (that) it’s going to cost?
climate
the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place:
iklim
The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes.
fluctuate
to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another:
dalgalanmak
Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.
herald
to be a sign that something important, and often good, is starting to happen, or to make something publicly known, especially by celebrating or praising it:
haber vermek
The president’s speech heralds a new era in foreign policy.
era
a period of time of which particular events or stages of development are typical:
dönem
the post-war era
prank
a trick that is intended to be funny but not to cause harm or damage:
eşek Şakası
When I was at school we were always playing pranks on our teachers.
predict
to say that an event or action will happen in the future, especially as a result of knowledge or experience:
öngörü, ahmin etmek, kehanette bulunmak
It’s still not possible to accurately predict the occurrence of earthquakes.
scarce
not easy to find or get:
Food and clean water were becoming scarce.
kıt, nadir, sınırlı
scatter
to (cause to) move far apart in different directions:
saçmak, dağıtmak,
The soldiers came in and scattered the crowd.
trade
the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between people or countries:
ticaret
goods
things for sale, or the things that you own:
mal, eşya,
There is a 25 percent discount on all electrical goods until the end of the week.
manufacture
to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines:
üretim, imal, yapım
The report notes a rapid decline in manufactured goods.
obtain
to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for it, or producing it from something else:
elde etmek
First editions of these books are now almost impossible to obtain.
suitable
acceptable or right for someone or something:
uygun, elverişli,
The film is not suitable for children
indicate
to show, point, or make clear in another way:
belirtmek, göstermek
Exploratory investigations have indicated large amounts of oil below the sea bed.
cascade
a small waterfall, often one of a group
çağlayan
sıfat : kademeli
sediment
a soft substance that is like a wet powder and consists of very small pieces of a solid material that have fallen to the bottom of a liquid:
tortu, çökelti, posa
There was a brown sediment in the bottom of the bottle.
basin
an open, round container shaped like a bowl with sloping sides, used for holding food or liquid:
havza, leğen, havuz
a pudding basin
extract
to remove or take out something: ,,,
a substance taken from a plant, flower, etc. and used especially in food or medicine:
çıkarmak ,,, özüt, öz
They used to extract iron ore from this site. ,,,
The cream contained extracts of/from several plants.
fragment
a small piece or a part, especially when broken from something whole:
parça
The road was covered with fragments of glass from the shattered window.
pond
an area of water smaller than a lake, often artificially made:
gölet, havuz
a duck pond
consistent
always behaving or happening in a similar, especially positive, way:
tutarlı
Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is she’s not consistent.
intermittent
not happening regularly or continuously; stopping and starting repeatedly or with periods in between:
aralıklı, kesik kesik, gidip gelen
intermittent rain ,,,
Although she made intermittent movie appearances, she was essentially a stage actress.
severe
causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.; very serious:
haşin, şiddetli,
In parts of Africa there is a severe food/water shortage.
shortage
a situation in which there is not enough of something:
kıtlık, eksiklik,
There’s a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps.
vegetation
plants in general, or plants that are found in a particular area:
bitki örtüsü
Much of the region’s native vegetation has been damaged by developers who are building hotels along the coast.
gras
çimen
a grassy slope/hillside
graze
to break the surface of the skin by rubbing against something rough: ,,,
to (cause animals to) eat grass:
sıyrık, sıyırma ,,,
otlatmak
He fell down and grazed his knee. ,,,
The farmer grazes cattle on this land in the summer months.
cattle
a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk or meat:
sığırlar
beef/dairy cattle
dairy
a place on a farm where milk and cream are kept and cheese and butter are made, a company that supplies milk and products made from milk, or milk and products made from milk:
süt ürünleri, mandıra
She eats no meat and very little dairy.
construct
to build something or put together different parts to form something whole:
kurmak, inşa etmek,
The walls are constructed of concrete.
concrete
a very hard building material made by mixing together cement, sand, small stones, and water: ,,,
clear and certain, or real and existing in a form that can be seen or felt:
beton, somut,
a concrete floor/path ,,,
They think she killed her husband, but they have no concrete evidence.
participate
to take part in or become involved in an activity:
katılmak
She never participates in any of our discussions, does she?
seed
a small, round or oval object produced by a plant and from which, when it is planted, a new plant can grow:
tohum
The farmers grow these crops for seed (= for planting to grow more crops, rather than for eating).
retreat
to go away from a place or person in order to escape from fighting or danger:
geri çekilme, gerileme,
Attacks by enemy aircraft forced the tanks to retreat (from the city).
sheet
a large rectangular piece of cloth used to cover a bed, or a rectangular piece of any material, such as paper, glass, or metal:
çarşaf, levha
She put the dough onto cookie sheets.
latter
near or towards the end of something:
ikincisi , son
Building of the new library should begin in the latter part of next year.
