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2022-23 > Law and Justice: Crime > Flashcards

Law and Justice: Crime Flashcards

1
Q

An act or failure to act that violates a law and for which a government has a set penalty

A

Crime

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2
Q

Where does the Pew Research Center get its data from?

A

-FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations)
-BJS (Bureau of Justice Statistics)

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3
Q

How and where does the FBI get its data?

A

The FBI publishes data on crimes that have been reported to the police. They ask for data from police stations across the nation.

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4
Q

What specific types of crimes does the FBI focus on?

A

Violent and property crimes

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5
Q

What is the downside to the FBI’s data?

A

-No data on unreported crimes
-Only focus on specific violent and property crimes

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6
Q

How and where does the BJS get its data?

A

The BJS conducts large annual surveys of the American public, asking if they have been victims of a crime.

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7
Q

What types of crimes does the BJS focus on?

A

Violent and property crimes

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8
Q

What is the downside to data from the BJS?

A

It cannot provide data on murder because the victims cannot complete the survey.

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9
Q

Which type of crime is more common in the U.S.?

A

Property crimes are more common than violent crimes

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10
Q

How have crime rates in the U.S. changed over time?

A

Dramatic declines in violent and property crime rates since the 1990s (Both BJS and FBI), but murder has gone up

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11
Q

What is the profile of a victim of a crime?

A

-Male
-Minority groups
-Younger
-Urban
-Lower income
-Rent Homes

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12
Q

What is the profile of a common criminal/offender?

A

-Male
-Younger
-Minority (Black)
-Lower income
-Probably urban

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13
Q

What percentage of crimes are reported to police, and what percentage of those reported are solved?

A

Most violent and property crimes are not reported to police, and most of the crimes that are reported are not solved

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14
Q

The number of reported cases that are closed each year (through arrest, etc…)

A

Clearance rate

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15
Q

Which type of crime has a higher clearance rate?

A

Violent crimes are cleared much more often than property crimes (45.5% to 17.2%)

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16
Q

What do crimes require?

A

An act + a guilty state of mind

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17
Q

Reason for performing the act

A

motive

18
Q

Violation of a norm, for sociologists a neutral term referring to any act to which people respond negatively

A

Deviance

19
Q

Relativity of Deviance

A

What is deviant to some is not deviant to others

20
Q

Innovation

A

Accept cultural goals, reject institutionalized means of achieving that goal

21
Q

Ritualism

A

Reject cultural goal, accept institutionalized means of achieving it

22
Q

Retreatism

A

Reject cultural goal, reject institutionalized means of achieving it

23
Q

Rebellion

A

Reject/replace cultural goal and reject/replace institutionalized means of achieving it

24
Q

How do sociologists view deviance?

A

The product/creation of society (placing people in certain circumstances)

25
Q

Felony

A

Imprisonment for more than one year

26
Q

Misdemeanor

A

Imprisonment for a year or less

27
Q

Explain the medicalization of deviance

A

People put a label on people who act differently than them as an easy way to explain their actions

28
Q

Strict liability

A

The act itself is criminal, regardless of the knowledge or intent of committing the act

29
Q

Principal

A

person who commits the crime

30
Q

Accomplice

A

person who helps the principal commit the act

31
Q

Accessory before the fact

A

one who orders a crime or helps the principal commit a crime, but does not perform the act itself

32
Q

Accessory after the fact

A

Help principal cover up the crime, avoid punishment

33
Q

Arson

A

The willful and malicious burning of a person’s property

34
Q

Burglary

A

The unlawful entry into any building with the intent to commit a crime, usually theft

35
Q

Embezzlement

A

Unlawful taking of property by someone to whom it was entrusted

36
Q

Forgery

A

A person falsely makes or alters a writing or document with intent to defraud

37
Q

Fraud

A

Misrepresenting a fact to get property

38
Q

Vandalism

A

Willful destruction or damage to another’s property w/o their consent

39
Q

How has crime changed in the United States?

A

Better policing, better technology

40
Q

Positive sancitons

A

rewards, positive ways to encourage certain behavior

41
Q

negative sanctions

A

jail time, punishments, ways to discourage behaviors

2022-23 (15 decks)

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