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2022-23 > Biology Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration makes ATP by ________ _____ _______

A

breaking down sugars

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2
Q

A process that releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

A

Cellular respiration

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3
Q

Cellular respiration is a(n) ________ process

A

aerobic

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4
Q

Requires oxygen to take place

A

aerobic

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5
Q

Before mitochondria can make ATP from food, foods are broken down into smaller molecules, such as glucose, which store energy. Then, ……

A

Glucose is broken down

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6
Q

Splits glucose into two 3-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP

A

Glycolysis

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7
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate molecules
2 molecules of NADH (go to the Krebs Cycle)
4 molecules of ATP (net gain of 2 ATP)

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In a cell’s cytoplasm

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9
Q

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are kind of opposites because:

A

Photosynthesis absorbs energy to build sugars
Mitochondria release chemical energy stored in sugars to make ATP

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10
Q

What are the reactants of Cellular Respiration?

A

Sugars (C6H12O6)
Oxygen (O2)

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11
Q

What are the products of Cellular Respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - waste product
Water (H2O) - waste product

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12
Q

Up to how many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose?

A

From 36-38:
2 from glycolysis
34 or 36 from cellular respiration

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13
Q

Summarize the process of glycolysis

A
  1. 2 ATP molecules energize a 6-carbon glucose molecule. (2 ATP -> 2 ADP). The glucose molecule is split into 2 3-carbon molecules. A series of enzymes and chemical reaction rearranges the 3-carbon molecules.
  2. Energized electrons from the 3-carbon molecules are transferred to NAD+ to make NADH. A series of reactions converts the 3-carbon molecules to make 2 pyruvate. The 4 ADP from step one gain energy to make 4 ATP.
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14
Q

What is NADH?

A

An electron carrier, utilized in Cellular Respiration

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15
Q

What is the net ATP gain from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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16
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 net ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH
*the pyruvate and NADH move on to the Krebs cycle. 2 of the 4 ATP produced cycle back to restart glycolysis.

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17
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrion matrix

18
Q

What is the main function of the Krebs Cycle?

A

To transfer high-energy electrons to molecules that carry them to the electron transport chain.

19
Q

What is FADH2?

A

A molecule, like NADH, that is an electron carrier.

20
Q

Summarize the Krebs Cycle

A
  1. One Pyruvate molecule from glycolysis is broken down into a 2 carbon molecule. One carbon dioxide molecule is given off as a waste product.
  2. Coenzyme A bonds to the 2-carbon molecule broken down from pyruvate.
  3. The 2- carbon part of the CoA 2-carbon molecule is added to a 4-carbon molecule, forming a 6-carbon molecule of citric acid.
  4. Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon molecule. One CO2 molecule is released, and energy transforms a molecule of NAD+ to NADH, which goes to the ETC.
  5. The 5-carbon molecule is broken down by an enzyme, forming a 4-carbon molecule. A molecule of NAD+ transforms to NADH (goes to ELC), and a molecule of ADP transforms to ATP. One carbon dioxide molecule is released.
  6. The 4-carbon molecule is rearranged by enzymes. High-energy electrons are released, forming molecules of NADH and FADH2, which leave the Krebs Cycle and go to the ELC. The 4-carbon molecule remains, and is used again in step 3 to form citric acid.
21
Q

Which molecule is formed when Coenzyme A bonds to the 2-carbon molecule broken down form pyruvate?

A

An intermediate molecule of 2-carbon CoA

22
Q

How is citric acid formed?

A

The 2-carbon part of the intermediate 2-carbon CoA molecule bonds to a 4 carbon molecule, making a citric acid molecule. Coenzyme A is recycled back to step 2.

23
Q

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle from ONE of the molecules of pyruvate from glycolysis?

A

3 molecules of carbon dioxide given off as a waste product
1 molecule of ATP
4 molecules of NADH to the ELC
1 molecule of FADH2 to the ELC

24
Q

How many total ATP are produced from the Krebs cycle from one molecule of glucose (indirectly)?

A

2 molecules of ATP; 1 from each pyruvate molecule

25
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?

A

In the Inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

What are the reactants of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Molecules of NADH and FADH2 which supply electrons that are transported across the proteins in the inner membrane.

27
Q

How are proteins in the mitochondrial membrane used in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

The proteins use energy from the electrons supplied by NADH and FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions against a concentration gradient, and across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

28
Q

Summarize the steps of the Electron Transport Chain

A
  1. Electrons are removed from the molecules of NADH and FADH2 coming from the Krebs Cycle. The electrons are transported across the proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  2. The proteins use the energy from the electrons (from the molecules of NADH and FADH2) to transport hydrogen ions across the membrane. These hydrogen ions build up on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  3. Hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion which contains ATP synthase. ATP synthase adds phosphate groups to ADP to produce ATP.
  4. Oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions that have already passed through the Electron Transport Chain to form Water molecules. The water molecules are given off as a waste product.
29
Q

At what rate does the Electron transport chain produce ATP?

A

For each pair of electrons that passes through the electron transport chain, an average of 3 ATP molecules are made.

30
Q

What are the products of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Water- given off as a waste product
Up to 34 molecules of ATP

31
Q

The production of ATP without oxygen continues through the anaerobic processes of glycolysis and _________

A

Fermentation

32
Q

Fermentation does/does not make ATP

A

Fermentation does NOT make ATP, but allows glycolysis to continue

33
Q

Which molecule used in fermentation picks up electrons?

A

NAD+; NAD+ picks up high-energy electrons form the splitting of glucose, and is necessary for glycolysis to continue (and make pyruvate and NADH which are used in both CR and Fermentation)

34
Q

What builds up in your cells in the absence of oxygen, and causes a burning feeling in your muscles?

A

Lactic Acid

35
Q

Summarize the process of Lactic Acid Fermentation

A
  1. Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process. 2 NADH molecules provide energy to convert pyruvate into lactic acid. As the NADH is used, it is converted back into NAD+.
  2. 2 molecules of NAD+ are recycled back to glycolysis. This recycling of NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue.
36
Q

Why is the fermentation process not sustainable for the cells in your body?

A

Fermentation does not produce ATP, and glycolysis produces very little amounts of ATP. If your cells continue without oxygen, they will run out of energy to continue their normal processes.

37
Q

What are the products of Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

2 lactic acid molecules

38
Q

What happens in your cells when oxygen is available again?

A

Your cells return to cellular respiration. The lactic acid is quickly broken down and removed from your cells.

39
Q

What does alcoholic fermentation occur in?

A

Yeasts, plants, etc… to make cheese, yogurt, and breads

40
Q

Summarize the steps of alcoholic fermentation

A
  1. Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter alcoholic fermentation. 2 NADH molecules provide energy to break down pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide. As the NADH molecules are used, they are converted back into molecules of NAD+.
  2. The molecules of NAD+ are recycled back to glycolysis. The recycling of NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue.
41
Q

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

A

2 alcohol
2 carbon dioxide (released as a waste product)

42
Q

Describe how yeast in relation to glycolysis and fermentation allows dough to rise

A

The yeast breaks down sugars in the dough through glycolysis and alcohol fermentation. The carbon dioxide gas released as a waste product from alcoholic fermentation causes the dough to puff up and rise. When the dough is baked, the alcohol that is produced during fermentation evaporates into the air. The yeast in dough is killed by the heat of baking.

2022-23 (15 decks)

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