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2022-23 > Biology Chapter 23: Invertebrates > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 23: Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Animals are found nearly everywhere on Earth

A

True

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2
Q

What set of derived characteristics do all animals share, suggesting that they are all descendants of a single common ancestor?

A

-Multicellular heterotrophs
-Cells are supported by collagen
-Animals are diploid and usually reproduce sexually
-Most animals have Hox genes

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3
Q

What makes animals multicellular heterotrophs?

A

They must eat other organisms to survive (don’t make their own food), and they are built of many cells that help break down their food

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4
Q

A three-stranded protein unique to animals

A

Collagen

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5
Q

What does collagen do for animal cells?

A

Collagen proteins combine with each other to form strong, flexible ropelike fibers that supports cells whilst still allowing them to move within the animal’s body

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6
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

An animal has one set of chromosomes from each parent; they also reproduce offspring (usually sexually) that are also diploid

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7
Q

A class of genes that control early development in animals

A

Homeotic genes

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8
Q

The specific sequence of 180 nucleotides for each homeotic gene; develop the head-to-tail pattern of development in animal embryos

A

Homeobox, or Hox genes

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9
Q

How do homeotic and hox genes work?

A

Homeotic genes create segments in a larva or embryo that develop into specific organs and tissues
Hox genes within these segments determine the position of cell differentiation and development by switching certain genes “on” or “off”

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10
Q

T/F: Each animal phylum has a unique body plan

A

True

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11
Q

An animal with an internal segmented backbone

A

Vertebrate

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12
Q

Animals without backbones

A

Invertebrates; invertebrates, unlike vertebrates, are not defined by a set of shared derived characteristics (besides within each phylum)

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13
Q

A group of animals categorized by scientists, for their shared characteristics

A

Phylum
Each animal phylum has a unique body plan

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14
Q

What is the largest animal phylum amongst invertebrates?

A

Arthropods (86%)

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15
Q

What accounts for differences in animals’ body plans?

A

Different expressions of homeobox genes

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16
Q

What do scientists think led to the vast diversity of animal species?

A

Mutations in the Hox genes

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17
Q

What event, occurring approximately 500 million years ago, resulted in a dramatic increase in biological diversity in the world?

A

The Cambrian Explosion; an increase in oxygen levels allowed eukaryotic organisms to become more active and occupy different niches within more complex ecosystems

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18
Q

What 3 criteria are used to group animals?

A

-Body plan symmetry
-Number of tissue layers
-Developmental patterns

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19
Q

Body symmetry in which an animal can be divided equally along only one plane, which splits an animal into mirror-image sides

A

Bilateral symmetry

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20
Q

Body symmetry in which animals have body parts arranged in a circle around a central axis

A

Radial symmetry

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21
Q

How many tissue layers do bilateral animals have, and what are their functions?

A

3 (triploblastic)
Ectoderm- outer layer, develops into skin and brain and nervous system
Endoderm- inner layer that lines the animal’s gut
Mesoderm- middle layer that develops into internal tissues and organs
*Complex organ systems have resulted from the evolution of the third tissue layer

22
Q

How many tissues do radial animals have, and what are their functions?

A

2
Inner endoderm
Outer ectoderm
*No mesoderm layer, so they therefore lack the complex internal tissues and organs that triploblastic organisms have

23
Q

Describe a protostome’s developmental pattern

A

First opening of the digestive cavity is the mouth (anus second)
The gut cavity is formed from separations in the mesoderm
Spiral cleavage pattern

24
Q

Describe a deuterostome’s developmental pattern

A

First opening in the digestive cavity forms the anus (mouth second)
The gut cavity forms from pouches created by the folds in the gut tube
Radial cleavage pattern

25
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the Porifera phylum, and what are examples of animals in that phymum?

A

Sponges
-Sessile
-Filter feeders
-Asymmetrical
-2 layers of cells, called spongin, with middle, jelly-like layer
-Lack muscle and nerve cells
-Reproduce both sexually and asexually (budding)

26
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the Cnidarian phylum, and what are examples of animals in that phylum?

A

2 Body Forms:
-Polyp, Medusa
-May reproduce sexually or asexually (budding)
-2 tissue layers separated by a non-cellular jellylike material called mesoglea
-radial body symmetry
-Sea anemones, jellyfish

27
Q

Cnidarian body form: cylindrical tubes with mouth and tentacles facing upward

A

Polyps

28
Q

Cnidarian body form: umbrella-shaped, with their mouth and tentacles on the underside

A

Medusas

29
Q

The non-cellular jellylike material that separates the two tissue layers of cnidarians

A

Mesoglea

30
Q

3 Types of cells in the outer tissue layer of cnidarians

A

Contracting cells
Nerve cells
Cnidocytes- specialized cells that contain stinging structures used for defense and capturing prey

31
Q

One type of stinging structure found in cnidarians: a capsule containing a thin, coiled, harpoon-shaped tubule with a poisonous barb at one end

A

Nematocyst

32
Q

The structure that cnidarians, such as the jellyfish, push prey into, after stinging it with their nematocysts

A

Gastrovascular cavity

33
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the Platyhelminthes phylum, and what are examples of animals in that phylum?

A

Planarians (Flatworms), Flukes, Tapeworms
-Solid body that lacks a complete gut
-No circulatory system
-Parasitic (suckers) OR
-Nonparasitic (pharynx extending from mouth)
-bilateral symmetry

34
Q

The infection that the parasitic flukeworm, phylum Platyhelminthes, gives to its host

A

Schistosomiasis

35
Q

The file-like feeding organ of Mollusks

A

Radula

36
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Mollusks, and what are examples of animals in that phylum?

A

Snails, Squids, Clams, Oysters, Mussels, Scallops

37
Q

The area of tissue covering the internal organs of mollusks

A

Mantle

38
Q

Flat gills found in a pocket of the mantle tissue called the mantle cavity

A

Ctenidia

39
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the phylum Mollusca, and what are some examples of animals within that phylum?

A

-Snails, squids, oysters, clams, mussels
-Bilateral symmetry
-Complete digestive tract (have both mouth and anus)
-Circulatory system

40
Q

Spaces between cells within a mollusk’s tissues through which some blood is pumped through

A

Homocoel

41
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the phylum Annelida, and what are some examples of animals within that phylum?

A

-Earthworms
-Segmented bodies
-Closed circulatory system
-Eat organic waste material
-Can reproduce sexually or asexually (fragmentation)
-Bilateral body symmetry

42
Q

What is the most defining characteristic of Annelids?

A

Segmented bodies

43
Q

A fluid-filled space that is completely surrounded by muscle in Annelids

A

Coelom

44
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the phylum Nematoda, and what are some examples of animals within that phylum?

A

-Roundworms
-Cuticle
-Bilateral symmetry
-Reproduce sexually
-Many roundworms are parasites
-No circular or respiratory system

45
Q

The tough exoskeleton of Nematodes, which they must shed in order to grow

A

Cuticle

46
Q

The fluid-filled space inside of the roundworm, separating the muscle from the central gut tube

A

Pseudocoelom (not a complete gut)
pseudo- “false”

47
Q

What are the defining characteristics of the phylum Echinoderm, and what are some examples of animals in that phylum?

A

-Sea star
-Slow moving, marine animals
-Internal skeletons made up of tiny interlocking calcium-based plates (ossicles)
-Water vascular system
-Complete digestive system
-Eats by grabbing with its feet, digestive juices dissolve the prey’s body
-Can push their stomach out of their mouths
-Radial symmetry
-Reproduce sexually

48
Q

The echinoderms’ internal skeleton made up of many tiny interlocking calcium-based plates

A

Ossicles; joined together by connective tissue with adjustable stiffness

49
Q

A series of water-filled radial canals that extend along each arm from the ring canal surrounding the central disk

A

Water vascular system

50
Q

Which 2 phyla of invertebrates are deuterostomes?

A

Echinoderm and Chordata

2022-23 (15 decks)

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