Biology Chapter 3

Question 1

The smallest unit of living matter that can carry out all processes required for life

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

Cell Theory: 3 Parts

Answer 2

-All organisms are made of cells
-All existing cells are produced by other, living cells
-The cell is the most basic unit of life

Question 3

Discovery of Cells: Robert Hooke (1665)

Answer 3

Identified cells with a cork and his microscope and named them cells (like a monastery)

Question 4

Discovery of Cells: Leeuwenhoek (1674)

Answer 4

Made better lenses; observed cells in greater detail

Question 5

Discovery of Cells: Schleiden (1838)

Answer 5

Discovered that plants are made of cells

Question 6

Discovery of Cells: Schwann (1839)

Answer 6

Concluded all living things are made of cells

Question 7

Discovery of Cells: Virchow (1855)

Answer 7

All cells come from other cells

Question 8

A boundary that encloses all cells and controls the movement of materials in & out of it

Answer 8

Cell membrane

Question 9

A jellylike substance within the cell that contains dissolved molecular building blocks-proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, ions

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell; ex: nucleus

Answer 10

Organelles

Question 11

The type of cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles; the cells DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm; microscopic single-celled organisms

Answer 11

Prokaryotic Cells

Question 12

These types of cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; the nucleus (largest organelle) encloses the genetic information; can be multi-cellular or single-celled

Answer 12

Eukaryotic Cells

Question 13

A network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell;
Gives the cell its shape; serve as tracks for the movement of organelles
Give a cell its strength
Enable cells to move and divide

Answer 13

Cytoskeleton

Question 14

The storehouse for most of the genetic information, or DNA in your cells; contains genes that are instructions for making proteins

Answer 14

Nucleus

Question 15

2 Major Demands on the Nucleus

Answer 15

-DNA must be carefully protected
-DNA must be available for use at the proper times

Question 16

Nucleus Structure:

Answer 16

Composed of the cell’s DNA enclosed in a double membrane called the nuclear envelope; pierced with holes called pores

Question 16

Nucleus Structure:

Answer 16

Composed of the cell’s DNA enclosed in a double membrane called the nuclear envelope; pierced with holes called pores that allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Contains nucleolus; produces ribosomes

Question 17

An interconnected network of thin folded membranes; smooth & rough; studded with ribosomes that link amino acids together to form proteins; aids in the production of proteins and lipids

Answer 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 18

Tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins; primarily in rough ER

Answer 18

ribosomes

Question 19

The interior of the ER

Answer 19

lumen

Question 20

ER without ribosomes; makes lipids

Answer 20

Smooth ER

Question 21

Help store energy and make up cell membranes and organelles

Answer 21

Lipids

Question 22

Nucleus contains instructions to make proteins (DNA and RNA)–> gives instructions to ribosomes to link amino acids and form proteins (ribosomes are on the ER)–> proteins travels down the ER–> at the end of the ER, a part of the ER pinches off to form a vesicle which transports a protein to the Golgi Apparatus–> Golgi Apparatus makes any modifications and then packages proteins into vesicles which take them to wherever they need to go

Answer 22

Protein Production

Question 23

Closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that modify, process, sort, package, and deliver proteins

Answer 23

Golgi Apparatus

Question 24

Small, membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell (also transport proteins)

Answer 24

Vesicles

Question 25

Supplies energy to the cell; bean shaped and have two membranes; Chemical reactions convert molecules from the food you eat into useable energy; have their own DNA

Answer 25

Mitochondira

Question 26

A fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by a cell

Answer 26

Vacuole

Question 27

Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes; defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses; break down damaged or worn-out cell parts (enzymes are proteins)

Answer 27

Lysosomes

Question 28

Cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle; divide DNA during cell division, help form cilia and flagella

Answer 28

Centrioles

Question 29

A small region of cytoplasm that produces microtubules

Answer 29

Centrosome

Question 30

Two features unique to Plant Cells:

Answer 30

Cell walls and chloroplasts

Question 31

Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3):

Answer 31

DNA Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

Question 32

Surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells; a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cells

Answer 32

Cell Wall

Question 33

Organelles found in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis; convert solar energy into energy-rich molecules that the cell can use

Answer 33

Chloroplasts

Question 34

Forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell

Answer 34

Cell Membrane

Question 35

Make up a cell membrane; composed of a polar head and nonpolar tails

Answer 35

Phospholipid

Question 36

How are phospholipids arranged so accommodate for polarity

Answer 36

Polar heads facing the outsides Nonpolar tails facing the insides

Question 37

Which molecules are imbedded within phospholipid heads that help determine the type of cell

Answer 37

Carbohydrates

Question 38

Describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Answer 38

Fluid Mosaic Model

Question 39

A property of the cell membrane that allows some, but not all, materials to cross

Answer 39

Selective Permeability

Question 40

Why is the 'G' in Golgi Apparatus always capitalized?

Answer 40

It is named after a famous scientist

Question 41

A protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response; only recognizes and binds to certain molecules

Answer 41

Receptor

Question 42

The molecule a receptor binds to

Answer 42

Ligand

Question 43

When a receptor and a ligand bind, they _____ _____

Answer 43

Change Shape

Question 44

Receptor found within the cell

Answer 44

Intracellular Receptors

Question 45

Receptors found within the cell membrane

Answer 45

Membrane Receptors

Question 46

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input rom the celll

Answer 46

Passive Transport

Question 47

The movement of molecules in a fluid or a gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, resulting from the natural motion of particles (causing particles to collide and scatter)

Answer 47

Diffusion

Question 48

The number of molecules of a substance in a given volume

Answer 48

Concentration

Question 49

The difference in the concentration of a substance form one location to another; molecules diffuse down this

Answer 49

Concentration Gradient

Question 50

The process of water molecules diffusing, or moving across a cell membrane from an area of higher to lower water concentration

Answer 50

Osmosis

Question 51

A solution is _____ to a cell if it has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell; water molecules move in and out of the cell at an equal rate, so the size remains constant

Answer 51

Isotonic

Question 52

A _____ solution has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell; more water exits the cell than is entering the cell, causing a cell to shrivel up and die

Answer 52

Hypertonic

Question 53

A _____ solution has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell; water is coming (diffusing) into the cell faster than water is exiting the cell causing a cell to expand or burst

Answer 53

Hypotonic

Question 54

Opening formed by proteins that pierce the cell membrane; allow molecules that cannot diffuse easily to enter a cell

Answer 54

Transport proteins

Question 55

The diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins

Answer 55

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 56

Transport proteins that move materials against a concentration gradient

Answer 56

Pumps

Question 57

Drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, thus requiring chemical energy

Answer 57

Active Transport

Question 58

The process of taking in liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane; the cell membrane makes a pocket around a substance; the pocket breaks off inside the cell and forms a vesicle which then fuses with a lysosome that breaks down the vesicle membrane to release its contents into the cell

Answer 58

Endocytosis

Question 59

A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles; "cell eating"

Answer 59

Phagocytosis

Question 60

The opposite of endocytosis; the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the the membrane; forms a vesicle around the material; vesicles fuses with the cell membrane and releases the contents

Answer 60

Exocytosis