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2022-23 > Biology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The smallest unit of living matter that can carry out all processes required for life

A

Cells

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2
Q

Cell Theory: 3 Parts

A

-All organisms are made of cells
-All existing cells are produced by other, living cells
-The cell is the most basic unit of life

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3
Q

Discovery of Cells: Robert Hooke (1665)

A

Identified cells with a cork and his microscope and named them cells (like a monastery)

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4
Q

Discovery of Cells: Leeuwenhoek (1674)

A

Made better lenses; observed cells in greater detail

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5
Q

Discovery of Cells: Schleiden (1838)

A

Discovered that plants are made of cells

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6
Q

Discovery of Cells: Schwann (1839)

A

Concluded all living things are made of cells

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7
Q

Discovery of Cells: Virchow (1855)

A

All cells come from other cells

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8
Q

A boundary that encloses all cells and controls the movement of materials in & out of it

A

Cell membrane

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9
Q

A jellylike substance within the cell that contains dissolved molecular building blocks-proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, ions

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell; ex: nucleus

A

Organelles

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11
Q

The type of cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles; the cells DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm; microscopic single-celled organisms

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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12
Q

These types of cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; the nucleus (largest organelle) encloses the genetic information; can be multi-cellular or single-celled

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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13
Q

A network of proteins that is constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell;
Gives the cell its shape; serve as tracks for the movement of organelles
Give a cell its strength
Enable cells to move and divide

A

Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

The storehouse for most of the genetic information, or DNA in your cells; contains genes that are instructions for making proteins

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

2 Major Demands on the Nucleus

A

-DNA must be carefully protected
-DNA must be available for use at the proper times

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16
Q

Nucleus Structure:

A

Composed of the cell’s DNA enclosed in a double membrane called the nuclear envelope; pierced with holes called pores

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16
Q

Nucleus Structure:

A

Composed of the cell’s DNA enclosed in a double membrane called the nuclear envelope; pierced with holes called pores that allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Contains nucleolus; produces ribosomes

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17
Q

An interconnected network of thin folded membranes; smooth & rough; studded with ribosomes that link amino acids together to form proteins; aids in the production of proteins and lipids

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins; primarily in rough ER

A

ribosomes

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19
Q

The interior of the ER

A

lumen

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20
Q

ER without ribosomes; makes lipids

A

Smooth ER

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21
Q

Help store energy and make up cell membranes and organelles

A

Lipids

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22
Q

Nucleus contains instructions to make proteins (DNA and RNA)–> gives instructions to ribosomes to link amino acids and form proteins (ribosomes are on the ER)–> proteins travels down the ER–> at the end of the ER, a part of the ER pinches off to form a vesicle which transports a protein to the Golgi Apparatus–> Golgi Apparatus makes any modifications and then packages proteins into vesicles which take them to wherever they need to go

A

Protein Production

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23
Q

Closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that modify, process, sort, package, and deliver proteins

A

Golgi Apparatus

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24
Q

Small, membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell (also transport proteins)

A

Vesicles

25
Q

Supplies energy to the cell; bean shaped and have two membranes; Chemical reactions convert molecules from the food you eat into useable energy; have their own DNA

A

Mitochondira

26
Q

A fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by a cell

A

Vacuole

27
Q

Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes; defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses; break down damaged or worn-out cell parts (enzymes are proteins)

A

Lysosomes

28
Q

Cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle; divide DNA during cell division, help form cilia and flagella

A

Centrioles

29
Q

A small region of cytoplasm that produces microtubules

A

Centrosome

30
Q

Two features unique to Plant Cells:

A

Cell walls and chloroplasts

31
Q

Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3):

A

DNA
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

32
Q

Surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells; a rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cells

A

Cell Wall

33
Q

Organelles found in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis; convert solar energy into energy-rich molecules that the cell can use

A

Chloroplasts

34
Q

Forms a boundary between a cell and the outside environment and controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell

A

Cell Membrane

35
Q

Make up a cell membrane; composed of a polar head and nonpolar tails

A

Phospholipid

36
Q

How are phospholipids arranged so accommodate for polarity

A

Polar heads facing the outsides
Nonpolar tails facing the insides

37
Q

Which molecules are imbedded within phospholipid heads that help determine the type of cell

A

Carbohydrates

38
Q

Describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

39
Q

A property of the cell membrane that allows some, but not all, materials to cross

A

Selective Permeability

40
Q

Why is the ‘G’ in Golgi Apparatus always capitalized?

A

It is named after a famous scientist

41
Q

A protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response; only recognizes and binds to certain molecules

A

Receptor

42
Q

The molecule a receptor binds to

A

Ligand

43
Q

When a receptor and a ligand bind, they _____ _____

A

Change Shape

44
Q

Receptor found within the cell

A

Intracellular Receptors

45
Q

Receptors found within the cell membrane

A

Membrane Receptors

46
Q

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input rom the celll

A

Passive Transport

47
Q

The movement of molecules in a fluid or a gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, resulting from the natural motion of particles (causing particles to collide and scatter)

A

Diffusion

48
Q

The number of molecules of a substance in a given volume

A

Concentration

49
Q

The difference in the concentration of a substance form one location to another; molecules diffuse down this

A

Concentration Gradient

50
Q

The process of water molecules diffusing, or moving across a cell membrane from an area of higher to lower water concentration

A

Osmosis

51
Q

A solution is _____ to a cell if it has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell; water molecules move in and out of the cell at an equal rate, so the size remains constant

A

Isotonic

52
Q

A _____ solution has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell; more water exits the cell than is entering the cell, causing a cell to shrivel up and die

A

Hypertonic

53
Q

A _____ solution has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell; water is coming (diffusing) into the cell faster than water is exiting the cell causing a cell to expand or burst

A

Hypotonic

54
Q

Opening formed by proteins that pierce the cell membrane; allow molecules that cannot diffuse easily to enter a cell

A

Transport proteins

55
Q

The diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins

A

Facilitated Diffusion

56
Q

Transport proteins that move materials against a concentration gradient

A

Pumps

57
Q

Drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, thus requiring chemical energy

A

Active Transport

58
Q

The process of taking in liquids or fairly large molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane; the cell membrane makes a pocket around a substance; the pocket breaks off inside the cell and forms a vesicle which then fuses with a lysosome that breaks down the vesicle membrane to release its contents into the cell

A

Endocytosis

59
Q

A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles; “cell eating”

A

Phagocytosis

60
Q

The opposite of endocytosis; the release of substances out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the the membrane; forms a vesicle around the material; vesicles fuses with the cell membrane and releases the contents

A

Exocytosis

2022-23 (15 decks)

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