Biology Chapter 20: Plants Flashcards by Ariel Hagen

Multicellular eukaryotes, most of which produce their own food through photosynthesis

Plants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Land plants evolved from ____________

Green Algae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What evidence supports that land plants have evolved from ancient green algae?

-Multicellular eukaryotes
-Photosynthetic (usually)
-Contain cellulose in cell walls
-Same types of chlorophyll
-Use starch as a storage product

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What plant characteristics likely originated in the ancient green algae (class Charophyceae)?

-Multicellular body led to specialization of cells and tissues
-Cell division that produces cells with small channels in their walls to allow cells to communicate with each other chemically
-Reproduction (sperm fertilizing egg cell)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How did natural selection likely play into water plants adapting to land?

As conditions became drier, natural selection began to favor plants that could withstand longer dry periods. Eventually, plants adapted to live fully on land.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True plants have __________

Multicellular embryos that remain attached to the female parent as they develop

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What adaptations did plants have to make to survive on land?

Retaining moisture- Cuticle, stomata
Transporting Resources- Vascular system
Growing Upright- Lignin
Reproducing on Land- Pollen grain and seeds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Waxy, waterproof layer on plants that helps hold in moisture

Cuticle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tiny holes in the cuticle of plants that close to prevent water loss or open to allow air to move in and out

Stomata

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A collection of specialized tissues that allow for the transport of resources throughout a plant

Vascular System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What advantages do plants with vascular systems have?

Plants with vascular systems are able to grow taller and get more sunlight and carbon dioxide, while still being able to get water and nutrients from the soil below.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A material that hardens the cell walls of vascular tissues in plants to support the weight and structure of plants

Lignin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adaptations that allow plants to reproduce without water

Pollen grain and seeds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A two-celled structure that contains a cell that will divide to form sperm; can be carried by wind or animals

Pollen grain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A storage device for a plant embryo

Seed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In all plants, eggs are fertilized ______ the tissue of the parent plant

Within

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An interaction between two species in which both species benefit

Mutualsim

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Competitive (natural selection) or mutualistic relationships between the adaptations of plants and animals

Plant-Herbivore Interactions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the characteristics of seedless nonvascular plants?

-Grow close to the ground or on surfaces where they can directly absorb water
-Rely on free-standing water for reproduction (sperm swims to and fertilizes eggs)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of seedless nonvascular plants:

Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Characteristics of Liverworts:

Seedless Nonvascular
Phyla Hepatophyta
Grow in damp environments
Grow close to the ground to retain moisture and nutrients
Two Types: Thallose: Small-umbrella like structures that reproduce egg-sperm and rely on water for fertilization
Leafy: Reproduce with spores

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Characteristics of Hornworts:

Seedless Nonvascular
Phyla Anthocerophyta
Found in tropical forests and along streams around the world
Grow low to the ground
Main body has a flat, lobed appearance with little green horns rising above the flat plant body
Reproduce with spores

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Characteristics of Mosses:

Seedless Nonvascular
Phyla Bryophyta
Some have cuticles or stomata
Grow in clumps, green, grow low to the ground
Anchor themselves to surfaces with rhizoids
Tolerant of harsh weather conditions and bad soil
Reproduce with free standing water: sperm swim to and fertilize eggs

A type of moss commonly used by humans for use of fuel (burned peat), or in diapers and bandages, and has antibacterial properties

Sphagnum

Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants:

-Depend on water for reproduction -Can grow higher than seedless nonvascular plants

Common Seedless Vascular Plants:

Club Mosses Ferns Whisk Ferns Horsetails

Characteristics of Club Mosses:

Not true mosses Seedless Vascular Belong to the oldest living group of vascular plants; wiped out when the Carboniferous climate cooled but some smaller species survived Some common species (Lycopodium) look like tiny pine trees and are sometimes called "ground pines" Rely on free standing water for reproduction Can grow taller because of vascular systems

Characteristics of Whisk Ferns:

Seedless Vascular Grow mostly in the tropics and subtropics Lack true roots and leaves Closely related to ferns

Characteristics of Horsetails:

Seedless Vascular Grow in wetland areas and along rivers and streams Tan, scalelike leaves that grow in whorls around a tubular system Cell walls contains a rough compound called silica that colonial settlers used to scrub pots Were much larger and common during the Carboniferous period

Characteristics of Ferns:

Seedless Vascular Grow from underground stems called rhizomes Have large leaves called fronds (newly forming fronds are called fiddleheads which uncurl as they grow) Some are houseplants, others grow in the tropics and can grow over three stories tall

Characteristics/Advantages of Seed Plants (includes cone-bearing plants and flowering plants)

-Can reproduce without free-standing water -Seeds nourish and protect plant embryos -Seeds allow plants to disperse to new places Flowering plants reproduce through pollination and then fertilization Cone-bearing plants reproduce with pollen that is is produced by their cones and distributed by the wind

A seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed in a fruit

Gymnosperm

A seed plant that has seeds enclosed in some type of fruit

Angiosperm

The reproductive structure of most gymnosperms

A woody cone: Hard protective scales Pollen is in male cones; eggs are in female cones (seeds develop on the scales of female cones)

Characteristics of Cycads

Seed plant Gymnosperm Look like palm trees with large cones Provided food for dinosaurs Grow in tropical areas Endangered because of their slow growth and loss of habitat in those areas

Characteristics of Ginkgo

Seed plant Gymnosperm Has two-lobed leaves "Burls"/Cones are the reproductive structures Darwin called the species Ginkgo Biloba a "living fossil" May be the oldest living species of seed plants Grown around the world in gardens and used in urban landscaping

Characteristics of Conifers:

Seed Plant Gymnosperm Familiar trees with needlelike leaves (pines, redwoods, spruce, cedar, fir, juniper) Many conifers are evergreen Grow old and tall Reproduce with cones

Characteristics of Flowering Plants:

Seed Plants Angiosperms Flower is the reproductive structure (protects gametes and fertilized eggs) Fruit is the mature ovary

Adaptations of Flowering Plants:

Flowers and Pollination: animals feed from a flower, and get pollen on themselves. When it moves on to another flower, some of the pollen brushes off onto the new flower. This way, flowers don't need to produce nearly as much pollen as plants that rely on wind pollination. Fruits and Seed Dispersal: Animals eat and digest fruits. When they pass through an animal, they are deposited in a supply of fecal fertilizer that is helpful during germination

An embryonic leaf inside a seed; "seed leaves"

Cotyledon

Flowering plants whose embryos have one seed leaf

Monocots

Key features in Monocots:

One cotyledon Parallel veins Flower parts in multiples of three Scattered Vascular Tissue

Flowering plants whose embryos have two seed leaves

Dicots

Key features in Dicots:

Two cotyledons Netlike veins (on leaves) Flower parts in multiples of four or five Ringed vascular tissue

A fibrous material made up of dead cells that are part of the vascular system of some plants

Wood

Woody plants that have stiff stems and branches (caused by high concentrations of lignin and cellulose in cell walls) have _______ stems

Woody

Plants that do not produce wood have ______ stems

Herbaceous

Flowerig plants that mature from seeds, produce flowers, and die all in one year

Annual

Flowering plants that take two years to complete their life cycle

Biennials

Any flowering plant that lives for more than two years

Perennial

The study of plants

Botany

The study of how people in different cultures use plants

Ethnobotany

History of plant use

Hunting and gathering; people must become familiar with the resources in their surrounding when they move around frequently

Benefit of farming

More reliable source of food that can support a growing population

How are plants important economic resources?

Traded in world markets every year for billions of dollars

The study of drugs and their effects on the body

Pharmacology; many medicines are derived from plants

Potent plant chemicals that contain nitrogen

Alkaloids; some have anti-cancer properties because they interfere with cell division