Last preparations Flashcards
ILCs (Innate Lymphoid Cells)
Lymphoid cells that lack antigen-specific receptors and are involved in early immune responses, particularly at mucosal sites like the skin, lungs, and intestines.
ILC1
Produces IFN-γ, involved in defense against intracellular pathogens like viruses and some bacteria, and promotes Th1-type immune responses.
ILC2
Produces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, involved in allergic responses and defense against parasitic infections like helminths.
ILC3
Produces IL-17 and IL-22, important for mucosal immunity, and defense against extracellular bacteria and fungi, particularly in the gut.
IL-4
Produced by Th2 cells, mast cells, and eosinophils, promotes Th2 differentiation, IgE production, and plays a key role in allergic responses.
IL-5
Produced by ILC2s and Th2 cells, essential for eosinophil activation, recruitment, and involvement in allergic diseases and parasitic defense.
IL-13
Produced by Th2 cells and ILC2s, promotes IgE class switching, mucosal immunity, airway remodeling in asthma, and regulation of inflammation.
IL-17
Produced by Th17 cells and ILC3s, promotes inflammation, recruits neutrophils, and defends against extracellular bacteria and fungi.
IL-10
Produced by Tregs, macrophages, and B cells, anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses Th1 and Th17 responses, maintains immune tolerance.
IL-1
Produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, initiates inflammation, fever, and acute-phase responses.
IL-2
Produced by activated CD4+ T cells, promotes T cell proliferation, survival, and regulatory T cell development.
IL-3
Produced by activated T cells, promotes hematopoiesis and differentiation of myeloid cells.
IL-6
Produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells, involved in inflammation, acute-phase response, and differentiation of B cells.
IL-8
Produced by macrophages and epithelial cells, a chemokine that recruits neutrophils to sites of infection and inflammation.
IL-12
Produced by dendritic cells and macrophages, promotes Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ production, crucial for cell-mediated immunity.
IL-18
Produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, stimulates IFN-γ production and is important in defense against intracellular pathogens.
IL-22
Produced by Th17 cells and ILC3s, promotes mucosal defense, tissue repair, and antimicrobial activity.
IL-23
Produced by dendritic cells and macrophages, supports the expansion of IL-17-producing T cells and contributes to inflammation.
IL-33
Produced by epithelial cells and endothelial cells, activates ILC2s, promotes Th2 responses, and contributes to allergic inflammation.
Th1
A subset of CD4+ T cells, produces IFN-γ and promotes cell-mediated immunity, defending against intracellular pathogens like viruses and some bacteria.
Th2
A subset of CD4+ T cells, produces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and is involved in allergic reactions, defense against helminths, and IgE production.
Th17
A subset of CD4+ T cells, produces IL-17 and IL-22, promoting inflammation and defending against extracellular bacteria and fungi.
Tfh
A subset of CD4+ T cells, produces IL-21, promotes B cell differentiation, and supports antibody production in germinal centers.
IFN-γ
Produced by Th1 cells and ILC1s, promotes cell-mediated immunity, enhances macrophage activation, and plays a key role in viral defense and tumor surveillance.
pro-IL-1β
The inactive precursor form of IL-1β, produced by various immune cells (like macrophages) and must be cleaved by the caspase-1 enzyme (part of the inflammasome complex) to become active and trigger inflammation.
pro-IL-18
The inactive precursor form of IL-18, produced by immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and is activated by caspase-1 in response to infection or tissue damage, promoting the release of IFN-γ and enhancing CTL activation.
TLR1/2
Recognizes lipoproteins and triacyl lipopeptides, detects Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria, promotes cytokine production and inflammation.
TLR2/6
Recognizes lipoproteins and diacyl lipopeptides, detects Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, enhances pathogen clearance through inflammation.
TLR3
Recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), detects viral infections, induces type I interferon (IFN-α/β) production.
TLR4
Recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS), detects Gram-negative bacteria, activates MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways for cytokine and interferon production.
TLR5
Recognizes flagellin, detects motile bacteria, promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine responses.
TLR7
Recognizes single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), detects RNA viruses, induces type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
TLR8
Recognizes single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), detects RNA viruses, enhances antiviral cytokine responses.
TLR9
Recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA, detects bacterial and viral DNA, induces type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine responses.
