Last preparations

Question 1

ILCs (Innate Lymphoid Cells)

Answer 1

Lymphoid cells that lack antigen-specific receptors and are involved in early immune responses, particularly at mucosal sites like the skin, lungs, and intestines.

Question 2

ILC1

Answer 2

Produces IFN-γ, involved in defense against intracellular pathogens like viruses and some bacteria, and promotes Th1-type immune responses.

Question 3

ILC2

Answer 3

Produces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, involved in allergic responses and defense against parasitic infections like helminths.

Question 4

ILC3

Answer 4

Produces IL-17 and IL-22, important for mucosal immunity, and defense against extracellular bacteria and fungi, particularly in the gut.

Question 5

IL-4

Answer 5

Produced by Th2 cells, mast cells, and eosinophils, promotes Th2 differentiation, IgE production, and plays a key role in allergic responses.

Question 6

IL-5

Answer 6

Produced by ILC2s and Th2 cells, essential for eosinophil activation, recruitment, and involvement in allergic diseases and parasitic defense.

Question 7

IL-13

Answer 7

Produced by Th2 cells and ILC2s, promotes IgE class switching, mucosal immunity, airway remodeling in asthma, and regulation of inflammation.

Question 8

IL-17

Answer 8

Produced by Th17 cells and ILC3s, promotes inflammation, recruits neutrophils, and defends against extracellular bacteria and fungi.

Question 9

IL-10

Answer 9

Produced by Tregs, macrophages, and B cells, anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses Th1 and Th17 responses, maintains immune tolerance.

Question 10

IL-1

Answer 10

Produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, initiates inflammation, fever, and acute-phase responses.

Question 11

IL-2

Answer 11

Produced by activated CD4+ T cells, promotes T cell proliferation, survival, and regulatory T cell development.

Question 12

IL-3

Answer 12

Produced by activated T cells, promotes hematopoiesis and differentiation of myeloid cells.

Question 13

IL-6

Answer 13

Produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells, involved in inflammation, acute-phase response, and differentiation of B cells.

Question 14

IL-8

Answer 14

Produced by macrophages and epithelial cells, a chemokine that recruits neutrophils to sites of infection and inflammation.

Question 15

IL-12

Answer 15

Produced by dendritic cells and macrophages, promotes Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ production, crucial for cell-mediated immunity.

Question 16

IL-18

Answer 16

Produced by macrophages and dendritic cells, stimulates IFN-γ production and is important in defense against intracellular pathogens.

Question 17

IL-22

Answer 17

Produced by Th17 cells and ILC3s, promotes mucosal defense, tissue repair, and antimicrobial activity.

Question 18

IL-23

Answer 18

Produced by dendritic cells and macrophages, supports the expansion of IL-17-producing T cells and contributes to inflammation.

Question 19

IL-33

Answer 19

Produced by epithelial cells and endothelial cells, activates ILC2s, promotes Th2 responses, and contributes to allergic inflammation.

Question 20

Th1

Answer 20

A subset of CD4+ T cells, produces IFN-γ and promotes cell-mediated immunity, defending against intracellular pathogens like viruses and some bacteria.

Question 21

Th2

Answer 21

A subset of CD4+ T cells, produces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and is involved in allergic reactions, defense against helminths, and IgE production.

Question 22

Th17

Answer 22

A subset of CD4+ T cells, produces IL-17 and IL-22, promoting inflammation and defending against extracellular bacteria and fungi.

Question 23

Tfh

Answer 23

A subset of CD4+ T cells, produces IL-21, promotes B cell differentiation, and supports antibody production in germinal centers.

Question 24

IFN-γ

Answer 24

Produced by Th1 cells and ILC1s, promotes cell-mediated immunity, enhances macrophage activation, and plays a key role in viral defense and tumor surveillance.

Question 25

pro-IL-1β

Answer 25

The inactive precursor form of IL-1β, produced by various immune cells (like macrophages) and must be cleaved by the caspase-1 enzyme (part of the inflammasome complex) to become active and trigger inflammation.

Question 26

pro-IL-18

Answer 26

The inactive precursor form of IL-18, produced by immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and is activated by caspase-1 in response to infection or tissue damage, promoting the release of IFN-γ and enhancing CTL activation.

Question 27

TLR1/2

Answer 27

Recognizes lipoproteins and triacyl lipopeptides, detects Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria, promotes cytokine production and inflammation.

Question 28

TLR2/6

Answer 28

Recognizes lipoproteins and diacyl lipopeptides, detects Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, enhances pathogen clearance through inflammation.

Question 29

TLR3

Answer 29

Recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), detects viral infections, induces type I interferon (IFN-α/β) production.

Question 30

TLR4

Answer 30

Recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS), detects Gram-negative bacteria, activates MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways for cytokine and interferon production.

Question 31

TLR5

Answer 31

Recognizes flagellin, detects motile bacteria, promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine responses.

Question 32

TLR7

Answer 32

Recognizes single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), detects RNA viruses, induces type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Question 33

TLR8

Answer 33

Recognizes single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), detects RNA viruses, enhances antiviral cytokine responses.

Question 34

TLR9

Answer 34

Recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA, detects bacterial and viral DNA, induces type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine responses.