L12

Question 1

Cancer antigens

Answer 1

Molecules expressed on cancer cells recognized by the immune system

Question 2

Tumor-Specific Antigens (TSAs)

Answer 2

Unique to tumor cells, often arising from mutations or oncogenic viruses

Question 3

Tumor-Associated Antigens (TAAs)

Answer 3

Found on normal and cancerous cells but are overexpressed or abnormally expressed in tumors

Question 4

Cancer immunosurveillance

Answer 4

Immune system’s process of detecting and eliminating nascent tumor cells

Question 5

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

Answer 5

Key immune cells killing tumor cells by recognizing cancer antigens on MHC class I molecules

Question 6

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Answer 6

Kill tumor cells lacking MHC class I molecules, enhancing cancer immunosurveillance

Question 7

Cancer immunoediting

Answer 7

Dynamic process with elimination, equilibrium, and escape phases shaping tumor evolution

Question 8

Immune checkpoint blockade

Answer 8

Cancer therapy targeting PD-1 or CTLA-4 to unleash T cell activity against tumors

Question 9

Immune checkpoint molecules

Answer 9

PD-1 and CTLA-4 suppress T cell activation to maintain self-tolerance

Question 10

Prophylactic cancer vaccine

Answer 10

Prevents cancer by targeting infectious agents like HPV or hepatitis B virus

Question 11

Therapeutic cancer vaccine

Answer 11

Treats existing cancers by stimulating immune responses against tumor-specific antigens

Question 12

CAR T-cells

Answer 12

Genetically engineered T cells targeting tumor antigens, such as CD19 in B-cell malignancies

Question 13

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)

Answer 13

Severe inflammatory response triggered by rapid activation of CAR T-cells

Question 14

Sipuleucel-T (Provenge)

Answer 14

Therapeutic cancer vaccine for metastatic prostate cancer targeting PAP antigen

Question 15

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs)

Answer 15

Antibodies targeting conserved regions on viruses, key to vaccine development

Question 16

Cold tumors

Answer 16

Tumors with low antigen expression and minimal immune cell infiltration, resistant to immunotherapy

Question 17

Hot tumors

Answer 17

Tumors with high mutational burdens and immune cell infiltration, more responsive to immunotherapy

Question 18

TGF-_ and IL-10

Answer 18

Immunosuppressive cytokines often secreted by tumors to evade immune responses

Question 19

Neoantigens

Answer 19

Antigens arising from tumor-specific mutations, targeted in personalized cancer immunotherapies