L2L3 Flashcards

1
Q

Skin

A

Watertight lipid layer, beta-defensins, and cathelicidins

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2
Q

Gut

A

Low pH, antimicrobial peptides, and mucus

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3
Q

Lung

A

Mucociliary clearance, surfactant proteins, and defensins

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4
Q

Classical pathway

A

Triggered by antibodies binding to antigens

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5
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Triggered by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3

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6
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Triggered by mannose-binding lectin binding to pathogen surfaces

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7
Q

Properdin

A

Stabilizes the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway, enhancing complement activation

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8
Q

C3

A

Central to all three complement activation pathways, amplifies immune response by promoting opsonization, inflammation, and membrane attack complex formation

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9
Q

Opsonization

A

Process where pathogens are marked for phagocytosis by immune cells through antibody or complement binding

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10
Q

C1 inhibitor (C1-INH)

A

Prevents activation of the classical and lectin pathways

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11
Q

Factor H and I

A

Regulate the alternative pathway by degrading C3b

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12
Q

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)

A

Prevents formation of C3 convertase on host cells

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13
Q

CD59

A

Inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)

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14
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells

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15
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Cells that process and present antigens to T cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells

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16
Q

Macrophages

A

Tissue-resident phagocytes producing inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species

17
Q

Monocytes

A

Blood-circulating precursors to macrophages that produce inflammatory mediators and cytokines

18
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Phagocytic cells producing reactive oxygen species and presenting antigens to T cells

19
Q

Neutrophils

A

First responders producing reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and antimicrobial peptides

20
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

Lymphoid-origin cells inducing apoptosis in virus-infected and cancer cells via perforin and granzymes

21
Q

Eosinophils

A

Cells involved in parasitic infections and releasing histamine-like substances

22
Q

Basophils

A

Cells involved in allergic reactions and histamine release

23
Q

Mast cells

A

Cells releasing mediators in early immune responses, particularly in allergic reactions

24
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of phagocytes toward an inflammatory site guided by chemokine gradients

25
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process where phagocytes engulf pathogens, forming phagosomes, which fuse with lysosomes to kill pathogens

26
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

Receptors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

27
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A

Membrane-bound PRRs recognizing PAMPs and initiating cytokine secretion

28
Q

RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)

A

Cytoplasmic PRRs detecting viral RNA and activating antiviral responses

29
Q

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

A

Cytosolic PRRs involved in inflammasome activation and cytokine production

30
Q

Inflammasome

A

A protein complex converting pro-IL-1_ and pro-IL-18 into their active forms

31
Q

IL-6

A

Cytokine inducing fever, lymphocyte activation, and antibody production

32
Q

CXCL-8

A

Chemokine recruiting neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to infection sites

33
Q

TNF

A

Cytokine causing vasodilation, fever, and endothelium activation

34
Q

IL-12

A

Cytokine activating NK cells and inducing Th1 differentiation

35
Q

RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

A

Important PRRs in antiviral responses, recognizing viral RNA

36
Q

Antigen cross-presentation

A

Mechanism where extracellular antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules to activate cytotoxic T cells

37
Q

Perforin

A

Protein forming pores in target cell membranes during apoptosis

38
Q

Granzyme

A

Protease entering cells via perforin pores to induce apoptosis

39
Q

Caspase-3

A

Executioner caspase activating apoptosis pathways in target cells