Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOL3005 Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Where are mature T cells found?

A

In bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, after maturing in the thymus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are pluripotent HSCs?

A

Rare, making up 0.05% of bone marrow cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can HSCs be mobilized?

A

From bone marrow to blood for stem cell transplants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to macrophages after activation?

A

They increase MHC class I & II expression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do T cells and B cells develop?

A

T cells in thymus, B cells in bone marrow and spleen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are lymphoid follicles found?

A

In secondary lymphoid tissues, including MALT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What stimulates infection and inflammation?

A

Cytokine and chemokine release to boost myeloid lineage development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do FDCs present to B cells?

A

Soluble antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

From which precursors can dendritic cells arise?

A

Both myeloid and lymphoid precursors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do B and T lymphocytes have?

A

Antigen-specific receptors, unlike NK cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are B cells generated in birds and ruminants?

A

Outside bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do myeloid cells include?

A

Dendritic cells, neutrophils, basophils, and macrophages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do lymphoid cells include?

A

NK cells, T cells, B cells, and ILCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do HSCs differ from mature blood cells?

A

HSCs are multipotent and capable of self-renewal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the thymus avoid autoimmune responses?

A

Negative selection of thymocytes that bind self-antigens with high affinity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When is the thymus at its maximal size?

A

During puberty, then gradually atrophies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to immunodeficient mice in HSC enrichment?

A

Stem cells restore immune cells, showing successful enrichment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Blood precursors of macrophages with limited phagocytic capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do macrophages compare to monocytes?

A

Larger than monocytes, with enhanced phagocytosis and cytokine secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens after bursectomy in chickens?

A

Leads to lack of B cells and humoral immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the major antigen-presenting cell for naïve T cells?

A

Dendritic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the phagocytic cell in the CNS?

A

Microglial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which granulocytes act against parasites?

A

Eosinophils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What gives rise to red blood cells?

A

Myeloid dendritic cells and HSCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the first cells to arrive at an inflammation site?

A

Neutrophils.

28
Q

What maintains HSCs?

A

Osteoblasts.

29
Q

What gives rise to thymocytes?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).

30
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages in tissues.

31
Q

What is the antigen-presenting cell from the same precursor as T cells?

A

Lymphoid dendritic cells.

32
Q

What samples antigen in the intestinal lumen?

A

M cells.

33
Q

Which granulocytic cells release pharmacologically active substances?

A

Eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils.

34
Q

Which cells are involved in allergies?

A

Eosinophils and mast cells.

35
Q

Which cells express antigen-specific receptors?

A

Lymphocytes and NKT cells.

36
Q

What are cells with a common progenitor to T and B cells but no antigen receptors?

A

Innate lymphoid cells.

37
Q

Where is NFAT located under resting conditions?

A

In the cytoplasm.

38
Q

Where is NFAT located under activated conditions?

A

In the nucleus.

39
Q

What causes NFAT relocalization?

A

Dephosphorylation by calcineurin, activated by calcium-calmodulin.

40
Q

What is the effect of cyclosporin on NFAT?

A

Inhibits calcineurin in T cells, preventing NFAT activation.

41
Q

What do immunoglobulin and TCR binding antibodies share?

A

Both share the immunoglobulin fold, allowing cross-reactivity.

42
Q

What happens during receptor-ligand binding?

A

Activates the receptor, causing phosphorylation and receptor cross-linking.

43
Q

What does reduction and alkylation of antibody do?

A

Breaks disulfide bonds and prevents reformation, allowing study of chains.

44
Q

What does papain digestion of antibody produce?

A

Produces two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment, revealing antigen-binding sites.

45
Q

How are immunoglobulin fragments detected?

A

Antibodies against Fab and Fc show contributions of heavy and light chains.

46
Q

What is ITAM?

A

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif, phosphorylated during receptor activation.

47
Q

How are ITAMs in Igα and Igβ modified?

A

Phosphorylated by Lyn, a Src-family kinase, upon BCR activation.

48
Q

What is an adapter protein?

A

Brings other proteins together without enzymatic activity.

49
Q

What do SH2 proteins do in TCR signaling?

A

SH2 domains of ZAP-70 bind phosphorylated ITAMs to activate signaling pathways.

50
Q

How do IgM and IgG compare in antigen-binding?

A

IgM binds more antigenic sites but not necessarily five times more due to steric hindrance.

51
Q

What happens during cytokine receptor binding at low concentrations?

A

Activation may increase receptor affinity, such as with IL-2R.

52
Q

How is Src-family kinase activity regulated?

A

Phosphorylation on inhibitory or activating sites regulates kinase activity.

53
Q

What happens if Lck is inactive in a T-cell clone?

A

T-cell activation will not occur, preventing IL-2 secretion.

54
Q

What is the protein defective in X-linked agammaglobulinemia?

A

Btk defects impair B-cell signaling and differentiation.

55
Q

What do short BCR and TCR cytoplasmic regions do?

A

Signal transduction complexes (Igα/Igβ or CD3) transduce signals despite short regions.

56
Q

What is the first adaptation of antibody structure?

A

Y-shape with flexible hinge for binding to multivalent antigens.

57
Q

What is the second adaptation of antibody structure?

A

Variable regions with hypervariable loops to form diverse binding sites.

58
Q

What is the third adaptation of antibody structure?

A

Constant regions enable interaction with phagocytes and complement proteins.

59
Q

What happens in a constitutively active T-cell clone with Lck mutation?

A

Lck mutations lead to continuous activation and IL-2 secretion.

60
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

One molecule causing multiple effects in different cells.

61
Q

What is synergy in cytokine signaling?

A

Two or more cytokines producing a response greater than the sum of their individual effects.

62
Q

What is redundancy in cytokine signaling?

A

Multiple cytokines can produce the same effect.

63
Q

What is antagonism in cytokine signaling?

A

Two cytokines causing opposite effects or inhibiting each other’s activity.

64
Q

What is cascade induction?

A

Cytokine triggers other cytokine secretion, amplifying the immune response.

65
Q

How does cytokine signaling affect lymphocyte location?

A

Induces expression of receptors to alter migration and retention.

66
Q

What do type I interferons do?

A

Activate ribonucleases to degrade viral RNA, inhibiting replication.

67
Q

What is the effect of defective common γ chain in immunodeficiency?

A

Prevents binding of multiple cytokines, impairing signaling.

MOL3005 Immunology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions