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MOL3005 Immunology > Exam questions 11, 16, 17 > Flashcards

Exam questions 11, 16, 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Macrophage functions:

A

Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production.

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2
Q

TLR structure:

A

Extracellular LRRs for ligand binding, transmembrane domain, cytoplasmic TIR domain for signaling.

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3
Q

TLR MyD88 signaling:

A

TLR binds PAMPs, recruits MyD88, activates IRAKs, TRAF6, TAK1, IKK, releases NF-κB to initiate cytokine transcription.

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4
Q

IL-1b secretion regulation:

A

Pro-IL-1b cleaved by caspase-1 into mature IL-1b by inflammasome activation.

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5
Q

Complement activation pathways:

A

Classical (C1q binding to antibodies), Lectin (MBL binding to carbohydrates), Alternative (spontaneous C3 hydrolysis).

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6
Q

Complement functions:

A

MAC formation, opsonization, inflammation via anaphylatoxins.

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7
Q

MAC assembly:

A

C5b binds C6, C7, C8, C9 to form a pore in pathogen membrane.

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8
Q

Complement deficiency disease:

A

Hereditary angioedema, C1 inhibitor deficiency, causing excessive bradykinin release.

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9
Q

Antigens:

A

Molecules recognized by the immune system, triggering an immune response.

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10
Q

Antigen presentation:

A

Displaying antigen-MHC complexes on cell surfaces for T-cell recognition.

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11
Q

MHCI pathway:

A

Intracellular antigens degraded by proteasome, loaded onto MHCI, recognized by CD8+ T cells.

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12
Q

MHCII pathway:

A

Extracellular antigens endocytosed, processed, and loaded onto MHCII, recognized by CD4+ T cells.

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13
Q

Naïve CD8+ T-cell priming:

A

Dendritic cells present antigen via MHCI, CD4+ T cells “license” dendritic cells.

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14
Q

Primary foci vs germinal centers:

A

Primary foci produce low-affinity antibodies quickly, germinal centers undergo somatic hypermutation and class switching for high-affinity antibodies.

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15
Q

Germinal center processes:

A

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) improves antigen binding, class-switch recombination (CSR) changes antibody isotype.

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16
Q

Antibody effector functions:

A

Fc region mediates neutralization, complement activation, opsonization, ADCC.

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17
Q

ADCC vs T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity:

A

ADCC: NK cells, antibodies bind to infected cells. T-cell: CD8+ T cells recognize antigens via MHCI.

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18
Q

Monoclonal vs polyclonal antibodies:

A

Monoclonal: One epitope, high specificity. Polyclonal: Multiple epitopes, broader detection.

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19
Q

Linear vs conformational determinants:

A

Linear: Recognized by amino acid sequence. Conformational: Recognized by 3D protein structure.

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20
Q

Leukocyte types and functions:

A

Neutrophils: Phagocytosis, first responders. Basophils: Release histamine, allergies. Eosinophils: Combat parasites. Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.

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21
Q

Physical and chemical barriers:

A

Skin, mucous membranes prevent pathogen entry

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22
Q

Monoclonal and polyclonal antibody definitions:

A

Monoclonal: One epitope, high specificity. Polyclonal: Multiple epitopes, broader detection.

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23
Q

Pros/Cons of monoclonal antibodies:

A

Pros: Specific, reproducible. Cons: Expensive, may miss heterogeneity.

24
Q

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA):

A

Detects antigens/antibodies using enzyme-linked antibodies for color change. Clinical use: HIV antibody detection, pregnancy tests.

25
Q

MHC molecule display:

A

MHCI: Intracellular peptides, recognized by CD8+ T-cells. MHCII: Extracellular peptides, recognized by CD4+ T-cells. CD1: Lipid-based antigens, recognized by specific T-cells.

26
Q

MHCI/MHCII antigen presentation:

A

MHCI: Intracellular antigen processing via proteasome, ER transport. MHCII: Extracellular antigen processing in endosomes.

27
Q

Cross-priming:

A

Dendritic cells present extracellular antigens on MHCI, activating CD8+ T-cells.

28
Q

Naïve T-cell activation:

A

Signal 1: TCR binding, Signal 2: Co-stimulation (CD28/B7), Signal 3: Cytokines for differentiation.

29
Q

T-cell subsets and cytokines:

A

Th1: IFN-γ, macrophage activation. Th2: IL-4, IL-13, B-cell activation. Th17: IL-17, inflammation. Treg: IL-10, TGF-β, immune suppression. CD8+ T-cells: Kill infected cells via perforin/granzymes.

30
Q

Cancer hallmarks:

A

Sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion/metastasis, avoiding immune destruction.

31
Q

Proto-oncogenes vs tumor suppressor genes:

A

Proto-oncogenes promote growth

32
Q

Tumor-specific vs tumor-associated antigens:

A

Tumor-specific: Unique to tumor cells. Tumor-associated: Overexpressed in tumors but also present in normal cells.

33
Q

B-cell activation by thymus-dependent antigens:

A

Antigen binding activates B-cells, interaction with CD4+ T-cells for proliferation, SHM, and CSR, forming plasma and memory cells.

34
Q

Apoptosis:

A

Programmed cell death, intrinsic pathway activates caspases, apoptotic debris cleared by phagocytes.

35
Q

Phagocytosis process:

A

Binding, uptake into phagosomes, fusion with lysosomes, degradation and presentation.

36
Q

Importance of phagocytosis:

A

Removes pathogens, processes antigens for T-cell presentation.

37
Q

Phagocytosing cells:

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, monocytes.

38
Q

Direct vs indirect phagocytosis activation:

A

Direct: PRRs bind microbes. Indirect: Opsonins mark microbes for phagocytosis.

39
Q

Antigen presentation and adaptive immunity:

A

Antigen presentation activates T-cells, initiating immune responses.

40
Q

MHCII expression and recognition:

A

MHCII on dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells

41
Q

Cytosolic antigen processing:

A

Degraded by proteasomes, loaded onto MHCI, presented to CD8+ T-cells.

42
Q

CD8+ T-cell priming:

A

Cross-presentation by dendritic cells using MHCI.

43
Q

CD4+ T-cell activation signals:

A

TCR recognition, co-stimulation, cytokines for differentiation.

44
Q

Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells killing mechanism:

A

Perforin-granzyme pathway, Fas-FasL interaction (CTL only), NK cells also mediate ADCC.

45
Q

Cytotoxic T cells vs NK cells target identification:

A

CTLs recognize MHCI-presented antigens, NK cells detect absence of MHCI or antibody-coated targets.

46
Q

CD4+ T helper subsets:

A

Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Treg.

47
Q

Th1 and Th2 cytokine roles:

A

Th1: IFN-γ for macrophage activation. Th2: IL-4, IL-5 for B-cell activation.

48
Q

Mature naïve B-2 cell characteristics:

A

Surface IgD, IgM, recirculates between blood and lymphoid organs, expresses CD19, CD21, CD40.

49
Q

Antibody structure:

A

Y-shaped glycoproteins with heavy and light chains, variable region for antigen binding, constant region for effector function.

50
Q

T-dependent B-2 cell response:

A

Antigen binding, presentation to CD4+ T-cells, proliferation, SHM, CSR, differentiation into plasma and memory cells.

51
Q

IgM and IgG complement activation:

A

Both recruit C1q, IgM is more effective due to pentamer structure.

52
Q

B-1 vs T-dependent B-2 cell antibodies:

A

B-1: IgM, low affinity. B-2: High-affinity, isotype-switched, SHM, and CSR.

53
Q

BCR structure:

A

Immunoglobulin with hydrophilic spacer, hydrophobic transmembrane region, cytoplasmic tail.

54
Q

Igα/Igβ signaling from BCR:

A

Phosphorylation of ITAM motifs, recruitment of adaptor proteins.

55
Q

Phospholipid modification leading to Ca²⁺ increase:

A

PLCγ cleaves PIP2, producing DAG and IP3, which increase cytosolic Ca²⁺.

56
Q

Increased Ca²⁺ and NFAT activation:

A

Ca²⁺ binds calmodulin, activating calcineurin, dephosphorylates NFAT for nuclear translocation.

MOL3005 Immunology (25 decks)

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