Last minute study check for exam 1

Question 1

Internal environment

Answer 1

Extracellular fluid

Question 2

Waste products

Answer 2

H2O, CO2, Urea, Solid waste, heat, H+

Question 3

Major control system in the body

Answer 3

Negative feedback

Question 4

Negative feedback example: Decreased MAP =

Answer 4

• increased sympathetic outflow = Increased map.
• decreased parasympathetic outflow = increased map.
• Increased AVP/ADH = increased map.
• Decreased ANP = increased map.

Question 5

Positive feedback examples

Answer 5

• Sepsis/necrosis: cells dying and releasing toxins/excess ions causing further damage
• Severe acidosis: CNS effects, makes acidosis worse and cant increase breathing
• Diabetic renal inflammation/hyperfiltration
• Severe hemmorhage: Decreased MAP, decreased coronary blood flow, decreased cardiac output, further decreased map

Question 6

Which cells replicate slowly?

Answer 6

Heart and neurons. Also, after age 40-45, kidney cells dont replicate.

Question 7

What can get into nucleus and change dna/ the way a cell functions?

Answer 7

Steroid hormones. They can transcribe DNA to release stress response.

Question 8

Order of protein production

Answer 8

In nucleus: DNA transcribed to RNA, RNA transported to ribosomes outside nucleus, ribosomes translate RNA to proteins in the Rough ER 95% of the time, 5% in cytosol.

Question 9

Plasma fluid amount

Answer 9

1/5 - 1/4 of total ECF. Water, proteins, electrolytes.

Question 10

ISF

Answer 10

3/4 - 4/5 of total ECF.

Question 11

Cell membrane between ISF and Plasma

Answer 11

May shift fluid from ISF to plasma in event of hypovolemia. More porous than cell walls, permeable to small, charged ions but tight enough to prevent cardiovascular proteins from entering ISF. Can move H2O to correct changes in osmolarity.

Question 12

ICF fluid amount

Answer 12

2/3rds of TBW, this is fluid inside cells.

Question 13

Cell membrane between cells and ISF

Answer 13

Does not let charged compounds across without regulation/channels and pumps.

Question 13

Steady state

Answer 13

NOT equilibrium. This means they are constantly the same. e.g. maintaining Na+ 10:1 ratio, K+ 1:30 ratio.

Question 14

Phopshate

Answer 14

Higher inside the cell, buffer for ICF.
Turns targets on/off.
Energy storage system (ATP)

Question 15

ATP is only

Answer 15

inside the cell. created and burned inside cell.

Question 16

After ATP is burned (Adenosine detaches from phopshates) where can adenosine go?

Answer 16

Leak outside the cell, and cause increased blood flow (dilated blood vessels)

Question 17

Glucose

Answer 17

Lower inside the cell, burned as it comes in, used for ATP.

Question 18

Protein

Answer 18

Higher inside the cell. Also higher in the plasma for ECF, lower in ISF because its difficult to pass membrane. 5x higher in plasma.

Question 19

Urea

Answer 19

byproduct of metabolism

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

Hydrophillic heads, hydrophobic tails. Heads are charged and tails are noncharged. C-C-C bonds or C=C bonds.

Question 21

Characteristics of cholesterol

Answer 21

Flat, rigid, reduces cell wall flexibility.
Made up of only hydrogen carbon bonds, with one oxygen on the tail (OH group exposed to water to pick it up and transport it).
Increased membrane fluidity when <37 degrees.
Transport proteins

Question 22

Six metabolites of cholesterol

Answer 22

• Progesterone
• Testosterone
• Androstenedione
• E2 Estradiol
• Aldosterone
• Cortisol

Question 23

That one metabolite of cholesterol you can’t spell: spell it!!

Answer 23

Androstenedione

Question 24

Phosphatidyl groups and what do they do

Answer 24

Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylcholine. These 4 play a role in lung surfactant.

Question 25

Phosphatidylserine

Answer 25

Cytosolic: Inflammatory marker, will stick outside cell to alert immune system. Flipase enzyme brings it back in, and if no ATP available for flipase, immune system will destroy cell.

Question 26

Phosphatidylinositol

Answer 26

PI: Found in smooth muscle, regulates contraction.

Question 27

Phosphatidylcholine

Answer 27

PCh: storage molecule for transduction. Stashes choline, needed for acetylcholine.

Question 28

Sphingomyelin

Answer 28

Fatty compound for body to construct myelin.

Question 29

1st Arachidonic acid pathway

Answer 29

COX1/COX2 -> PGG2 ->PGH2 -> PGE2, PGI2, PGF2alpha, TXA2

Question 30

2nd arachidonic acid pathway

Answer 30

5-LO (lipoxygenase) —- FLAP-> 5-HPETE -> LTA4 -> LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Question 31

3rd Arachidonic acid pathway

Answer 31

CYP450 -> EET/20-HETE (acute renal failure)

Question 32

3 active transporters he mentioned

Answer 32

Na+/K+ pump
Ca++ pump
H+ pump

Question 33

All active transport pumps mentioned do what to ATP?

Answer 33

Use it and convert to ADP

Question 34

Which transport is found in kidney?

Answer 34

SGLTs, or sodium glucose transporter, secondary active transport. Speeds up glucose getting in the cell.

Question 35

Glut-transporter

Answer 35

How glucose gets into the cell 95% of the time. Charged, polar, hydrophilic.

Question 36

The activity of Na/K pump does what to osmolarity?

Answer 36

Decreases it inside cell (loses 3 ions, gains 2 for net -1)

Question 37

Cell diuretic

Answer 37

Na/K pump, water follows sodium.

Question 38

Hyperkalemia

Answer 38

Makes cell more positive ~ -70. Slows down heartrate due to sodium channels not activating as fast from lack of full repolarization, arrythmias such as v-fib.

Question 39

Hypokalemia

Answer 39

Makes cells more negative -100mv. Harder to excite, slow heart beat.