Last minute study check for exam 1 Flashcards
Internal environment
Extracellular fluid
Waste products
H2O, CO2, Urea, Solid waste, heat, H+
Major control system in the body
Negative feedback
Negative feedback example: Decreased MAP =
- increased sympathetic outflow = Increased map.
- decreased parasympathetic outflow = increased map.
- Increased AVP/ADH = increased map.
- Decreased ANP = increased map.
Positive feedback examples
- Sepsis/necrosis: cells dying and releasing toxins/excess ions causing further damage
- Severe acidosis: CNS effects, makes acidosis worse and cant increase breathing
- Diabetic renal inflammation/hyperfiltration
- Severe hemmorhage: Decreased MAP, decreased coronary blood flow, decreased cardiac output, further decreased map
Which cells replicate slowly?
Heart and neurons. Also, after age 40-45, kidney cells dont replicate.
What can get into nucleus and change dna/ the way a cell functions?
Steroid hormones. They can transcribe DNA to release stress response.
Order of protein production
In nucleus: DNA transcribed to RNA, RNA transported to ribosomes outside nucleus, ribosomes translate RNA to proteins in the Rough ER 95% of the time, 5% in cytosol.
Plasma fluid amount
1/5 - 1/4 of total ECF. Water, proteins, electrolytes.
ISF
3/4 - 4/5 of total ECF.
Cell membrane between ISF and Plasma
May shift fluid from ISF to plasma in event of hypovolemia. More porous than cell walls, permeable to small, charged ions but tight enough to prevent cardiovascular proteins from entering ISF. Can move H2O to correct changes in osmolarity.
ICF fluid amount
2/3rds of TBW, this is fluid inside cells.
Cell membrane between cells and ISF
Does not let charged compounds across without regulation/channels and pumps.
Steady state
NOT equilibrium. This means they are constantly the same. e.g. maintaining Na+ 10:1 ratio, K+ 1:30 ratio.
Phopshate
Higher inside the cell, buffer for ICF.
Turns targets on/off.
Energy storage system (ATP)
ATP is only
inside the cell. created and burned inside cell.
After ATP is burned (Adenosine detaches from phopshates) where can adenosine go?
Leak outside the cell, and cause increased blood flow (dilated blood vessels)
Glucose
Lower inside the cell, burned as it comes in, used for ATP.
Protein
Higher inside the cell. Also higher in the plasma for ECF, lower in ISF because its difficult to pass membrane. 5x higher in plasma.
Urea
byproduct of metabolism
Phospholipids
Hydrophillic heads, hydrophobic tails. Heads are charged and tails are noncharged. C-C-C bonds or C=C bonds.
Characteristics of cholesterol
Flat, rigid, reduces cell wall flexibility.
Made up of only hydrogen carbon bonds, with one oxygen on the tail (OH group exposed to water to pick it up and transport it).
Increased membrane fluidity when <37 degrees.
Transport proteins
Six metabolites of cholesterol
- Progesterone
- Testosterone
- Androstenedione
- E2 Estradiol
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
That one metabolite of cholesterol you can’t spell: spell it!!
Androstenedione
Phosphatidyl groups and what do they do
Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylcholine. These 4 play a role in lung surfactant.
Phosphatidylserine
Cytosolic: Inflammatory marker, will stick outside cell to alert immune system. Flipase enzyme brings it back in, and if no ATP available for flipase, immune system will destroy cell.
Phosphatidylinositol
PI: Found in smooth muscle, regulates contraction.
Phosphatidylcholine
PCh: storage molecule for transduction. Stashes choline, needed for acetylcholine.
Sphingomyelin
Fatty compound for body to construct myelin.
1st Arachidonic acid pathway
COX1/COX2 -> PGG2 ->PGH2 -> PGE2, PGI2, PGF2alpha, TXA2
2nd arachidonic acid pathway
5-LO (lipoxygenase) —- FLAP-> 5-HPETE -> LTA4 -> LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
3rd Arachidonic acid pathway
CYP450 -> EET/20-HETE (acute renal failure)
3 active transporters he mentioned
Na+/K+ pump
Ca++ pump
H+ pump
All active transport pumps mentioned do what to ATP?
Use it and convert to ADP
Which transport is found in kidney?
SGLTs, or sodium glucose transporter, secondary active transport. Speeds up glucose getting in the cell.
Glut-transporter
How glucose gets into the cell 95% of the time. Charged, polar, hydrophilic.
The activity of Na/K pump does what to osmolarity?
Decreases it inside cell (loses 3 ions, gains 2 for net -1)
Cell diuretic
Na/K pump, water follows sodium.
Hyperkalemia
Makes cell more positive ~ -70. Slows down heartrate due to sodium channels not activating as fast from lack of full repolarization, arrythmias such as v-fib.
Hypokalemia
Makes cells more negative -100mv. Harder to excite, slow heart beat.
