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A&P 1 > Exam 2 - Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 pressure sensor sensory receptors he circled on lecture

A

Free nerve endings, Pacinian Corpuscle and Meissner’s Corpuscle, turn physical force into electrical signal.

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2
Q

Another name for adaptation

A

Reset

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3
Q

Pain receptors have _______ adaptation.

A

Reverse.

More painful stimulus youre subjected to, those receptors become MORE sensitive.

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4
Q

Addiction to pain meds starts when?

A

When you take it for a time other than pain

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5
Q

Important to _____ before it gets out of control

A

Tackle pain.

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6
Q

Best way to prevent ramping up process of pain before it starts is to:

A

Create a nerve block in the body to prevent the pain before being transmitted, and reverse adaptation wont happen.

Once reverse adaptation starts, its very difficult but not impossible to stop.

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7
Q

How is the body positioned during directional nomenclature?

A

Standing straight up with palms faced out

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8
Q

Super/inferior

A

altitude…..

Head/feet

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9
Q

Dorsal/ventral

A

Back-posterior/Front-anterior

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10
Q

Medial/Lateral

A

Midline/side

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11
Q

Rostral/caudal

A

Front upper/lower rear, also called caudad

used in neurosurgical procedures to describe where they are moving

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12
Q

Distal/proximal

A

Further/closer to CNS

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13
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Separates left/right side of body

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14
Q

Coronal plane

A

Separates front from back

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15
Q

Horizontal plane

A

Magician would cut in half, superior from inferior

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16
Q

Oblique plane

A

goofy/odd angle

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17
Q

Telencephalon

A

Outer part of brain, vast majority of cerebral hemispheres.

Cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, commissures, basal ganglia

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18
Q

Diencephalon

A

inner area of brain, serves as connecting point between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem.

Thalamus, hypothalamus (under)

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19
Q

Thalamus ends up being an important _______ between _____________.

A

important relay center between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem/rest of body

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20
Q

Thalamus is in charge of:

A

receiving information and sending it to rest of body

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21
Q

Hypothalamus is super important for:

A

Sensory and control center such as osmoreceptors, infection sensors, temp sensors.

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22
Q

Brain stem divided into 3 parts:

A

Top: mid brain aka mesencephalon
Mid: pons, olive shaped structure in middle of brain stem
Bottom: medulla oblongata
Beneath that: cord

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23
Q

Sulcus

A

Grooves in brain

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24
Q

Gyrus

A

lumps of brain, separated by sulcus

“Gie-Rye” plural for gyrus

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25
Q

Fissure

A

Really really deep groove

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26
Q

Frontal lobe

A

-Most of our thinking

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27
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Behind frontal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex such as feeling pressure, sometimes pain.

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28
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision processing, back of brain

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29
Q

Central Sulcus

A

very deep groove thats the main anatomical marker between frontal and parietal lobe, between thinking and sensation.

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30
Q

Temporal lobe

A

sides of brain where ears are, process auditory. language comprehension, listening to music.

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31
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Temporal/lateral fissure, separating temporal lobe from other structures (frontal and parietal lobes)

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32
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Deep groove separating left and right hemispheres, can be seen from inferior view or coronal (basicallly cutting through sagittal plane)

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33
Q

Groove that separates occipital from parietal

A

NONE

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34
Q

one side of brain talks to other side of brain through _________, which is a limited pathway

A

Corpus callosum

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35
Q

Cross-talk

A

One side of the brain talking to other side through corpus callosum

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36
Q

Why is corpus callosum a lighter color?

A

Lots of myelinated neurons for passing information.

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37
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Temporal lobe, language processing.

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38
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speaking (thinking), frontal lobe.

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39
Q

Motor cortex

A

Frontal lobe, cause youre thinking about it. Its the area anterior to central sulcus (aka precentral gyrus), most posterior part of frontal lobe.

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40
Q

Planning happens in

A

Anterior portion of frontal lobe.`

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41
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus, anterior part of parietal lobe.

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42
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex, right in front of central sulcus.

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43
Q

Limbic system

A

Behavior, emotions, motivation, found mostly in temporal lobe but also in other areas of brain.

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44
Q

Spinal cord diameter

A

size of a quarter, fairly small.

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45
Q

Darker/whiter areas of spinal cord

A

Grey matter/White matter

due to presence of myelinated neurons, which are mostly present in white matter.

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46
Q

Grey matter has ________ myelin.

A

Alot less myelin, but still present.

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47
Q

Cell bodies dont have ______ on them.

A

Myelin, so they will be mostly in grey matter.

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48
Q

Decisions are made in:

A

Cell bodies in grey matter

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49
Q

Thinking part of CNS

A

Grey matter

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50
Q

Transmitting of decisions in CNS

A

White matter

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51
Q

In brain, dark matter is found

A

Superficial to white matter on outside of cerebral hemispheres, which is odd cause rest of body has decision making structures deep.

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52
Q

What is the good part about grey matter being superficial?

A

Blood vessels that supply the brain are superficial so they get fed nutrients easier.

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53
Q

Downsides of superficial grey matter

A

Head injuries are easier to damage grey matter and wont have processing power we once had.

54
Q

Whats the buffer for the brain in physical injuries?

A

CSF.

55
Q

Concussion

A

Grey areas hitting the walls of the brain

56
Q

Brain adapts to injuries but:

A

Its not perfect and wont be the same i.e. a stroke

57
Q

Rear/posterior side of cord

A

Top side.

58
Q

Front/anterior side of cord

A

Bottom side

59
Q

Information moving one side to another of spinal cord is limited, with small area of white and grey matter connecting each side, what are the names of these areas?

A

Grey matter: Lamina 10
White matter: Anterior white commissure (AWC)

60
Q

Commissure means

A

Connecting, also called x-over.

61
Q

Top groove in spinal cord

A

Posterior median sulcus/fissure.

62
Q

Bottom groove in spinal cord

A

Anterior median fissure/sulcus

63
Q

Which median fissure is wider? Why?

A

Anterior, arterial vessel is parked in front of it.

64
Q

Dead center of grey matter in lamina 10 is called?

A

Central canal, lined with ciliated cells to move CSF up and down spinal cord.

65
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Brain

66
Q

Is this diameter of central canal the same throughout the spinal cord?

A

No, its wider at the top and skinnier at the bottom.

67
Q

CSF movement direction

A

made in brain, cilia cells forward fresh CSF down the central canal, out the bottom and then it surrounds/maintains environment around spinal cord.

68
Q

Grey matter in spinal cord looks like

A

Butterfly

69
Q

Dorsal horns

A

Posterior grey matter in cord

Sensory information is fed into the back of the cord, into dorsal horns

70
Q

Ventral horns

A

Anterior grey matter in cord

Motor function comes out of ventral horn.

71
Q

Cell bodies in dorsal horn have

A

Sensory function

72
Q

Cell bodies in ventral horn have

A

Motor function

73
Q

Epidurals are made easier by what?

A

Sensory function being in back of spinal cord in dorsal horns

74
Q

Lateral horns

A

Not to be worried about, but be aware. small projections between dorsal and ventral horns.

75
Q

Feed vessels for spinal circulation come from

A

branches of intercostal arteries

76
Q

Where does cord perfusion come from?

A

Intercostal arteries that connect with spinal arteries.

Feed vessels also come from top of cord near brain stem and upper neck.

77
Q

We have autoregulation of _____ and ________.

A

Brain blood flow and spinal cord blood flow

78
Q

Posterior spinal arteries are on

A

each side

79
Q

Anterior spinal artery is

A

Sits in anterior median fissure

80
Q

Spinal veins are mostly similar to arteries except

A

posterior spinal vein is in middle and not sides

81
Q

information sent into back of cord is sent through

A

Posterior rootlets from posterior root with spinal ganglion

82
Q

Coverage for this class ends at

A

Peripheral Spinal nerves

83
Q

Motor function sent out the ventral horn is sent into

A

Anterior rootlets to anterior root

84
Q

When sensory comes into posterior spinal cord into dorsal horns, where does it go to reach the brain?

A

Hops over to white matter to be sent to brain

85
Q

What direction does sensory enter cord?

A

Horizontally

86
Q

Sensory stuff is sent ______ to brain stem and brain

A

Ascending pathway/column

87
Q

Where are ascending columns in cord?

A

Moslty in rear, few in superficial anterior section and lateral sections of cord

88
Q

posterior rootlets

A

Individual strands of groups of fibers

89
Q

Root

A

Where rootlets all come together, both in anterior/posterior.

90
Q

Where both roots come together?

A

Spinal nerve

91
Q

Spinal nerves are gonna have:

A

Mix sensory and motor function

92
Q

Unique structure of posterior root

A

Big lump, it’s a collection of cell bodies from psuedounipolar sensory neurons, called a spinal ganglion.

93
Q

Descending pathways/columns

A

Mostly lateral on each sides of cord, some in anterior part around anterior median sulcus.

94
Q

Cervical spine characteristics

A

7 vertebra, 8 pairs of spinal nerves coming off cord.

95
Q

How are C1 pairs of spinal nerves unique

A

They come out above the vertebra, while the rest come out the bottom of the vertebra.

96
Q

Thoracic spine characteristics

A

12 vertebrae, 12 pairs that come out underneath each vertebra.

97
Q

Lumbar spine characteristics

A

5 vertebra, 5 pairs coming out underneath each vertebra.

98
Q

Sacral spine characteristics

A

Originally starts with 5 vertebra at birth, but they eventually fuse into sacrum as solid bone but have 5 pairs of nerves that orinate below where vertebra originally were.

99
Q

Coccygeal

A

Below sacrum, start off with 4 vertebra, fuse into 2, ONE pair of spinal nerves.

100
Q

Dermatomes

A

Where spinal nerves are covering sensory fields on body.

101
Q

Dermatome man

A

Man bending over at waist with hands towards the floor.

102
Q

S-shaped spine with discs serves as

A

Springy structure absorbing shock.

103
Q

Cervical spine curvature

A

Lordosis, anterior curvature, convex from the front view

104
Q

Thoracic spine curvature

A

Kyphosis, posterior curvature, concave from front view

105
Q

Lumbar spine curvature

A

Lordosis, anterior curvature, convex

106
Q

Sacral spine curvature

A

Kyphosis, posterior curvature, concave

107
Q

Abnormal curvature causes what? Where is most common?

A

Affects shock absorption. Thoracic kyphosis as you get super old, think hunchback lady walking across the street.

108
Q

What kind of curvature are you born with?

A

Overall whole spine is a kyphotic curvature, C-spine and L-spine lordosis curvature forms later to form “S” shape.

109
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature (left-right)

110
Q

People may not even know they have this abnormal curvature:

A

Scoliosis

111
Q

Most common combination of abnormal curvature

A

Kyphos-scoliosis

112
Q

What is difficult before full s-shaped spine is formed?

A

Difficult to balance, hold head up, and walk with complete kyphotic curvature

113
Q

Verterbral body

A

Weight supporting structure of spine, where discs sit on.

114
Q

Size of vertebral body is

A

Smaller up top, bigger down low due to how much weight they are supporting.

115
Q

Much more _______ vertebral bodies at base of spine compared to superior parts of spine.

A

Robust.

116
Q

U shaped structure that encases the cord is called

A

Vertebral arch

117
Q

Part of arch that connect to vertebral body

A

Pedicle

118
Q

Bottom of u-shaped arch is called

A

Lamina

119
Q

Process is a

A

Bony extension, palpable markers you can feel

120
Q

Spinous process

A

Comes off the bottom of arch, palpable.

121
Q

Transverse process

A

Comes off each side laterally of arch near pedicle

122
Q

Superior articular process

A

Extending superiorly from each side of arch, connecting to inferior articular process of above vertebra.

123
Q

Articular/articulate means

A

connecting one thing to another

124
Q

Inferior vertebral notch? where is it and what is its purpose?

A

Underneath pedicle, where the spinal nerve exits on each side.

125
Q

Joint connecting inferior and super articular process

A

Facet joint, pronounced “fuh-set”

called inferior articular facet, has cartilage on it

126
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Where cord and nerve roots are. Foramen is an opening.

127
Q

Cervical vertebrae foramen?

A
  • Large vertebral foramen due to larger spinal cord at top with more information
128
Q

Unique foramen for cervical spine

A

Transverse foramen laterally on each side of vertebral body. Houses vertebral bodies C1-C6, C7 has artery on outside even though it has a foramen for it.

129
Q

Does C1 still have superior articular facet?

A

Yes

130
Q

Cervical spinous process

A

C2-C5 are bifid
C6 is bifid half the time
C7 is single spinous process, rare 0.3% have bifid

131
Q

Transverse process has _______ for ______ to hangout in

A

Sulcus/divot/groove/hollowed out area for spinal nerves

132
Q

4 arteries for the brain, where are they?

A

2 of them are in posterior, in transverse processes in C-spine, and 2 of them are anterior which are carotid arteries.

A&P 1 (39 decks)

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