Exam 2 - Lecture 3 Flashcards
3 pressure sensor sensory receptors he circled on lecture
Free nerve endings, Pacinian Corpuscle and Meissner’s Corpuscle, turn physical force into electrical signal.
Another name for adaptation
Reset
Pain receptors have _______ adaptation.
Reverse.
More painful stimulus youre subjected to, those receptors become MORE sensitive.
Addiction to pain meds starts when?
When you take it for a time other than pain
Important to _____ before it gets out of control
Tackle pain.
Best way to prevent ramping up process of pain before it starts is to:
Create a nerve block in the body to prevent the pain before being transmitted, and reverse adaptation wont happen.
Once reverse adaptation starts, its very difficult but not impossible to stop.
How is the body positioned during directional nomenclature?
Standing straight up with palms faced out
Super/inferior
altitude…..
Head/feet
Dorsal/ventral
Back-posterior/Front-anterior
Medial/Lateral
Midline/side
Rostral/caudal
Front upper/lower rear, also called caudad
used in neurosurgical procedures to describe where they are moving
Distal/proximal
Further/closer to CNS
Sagittal plane
Separates left/right side of body
Coronal plane
Separates front from back
Horizontal plane
Magician would cut in half, superior from inferior
Oblique plane
goofy/odd angle
Telencephalon
Outer part of brain, vast majority of cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, commissures, basal ganglia
Diencephalon
inner area of brain, serves as connecting point between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem.
Thalamus, hypothalamus (under)
Thalamus ends up being an important _______ between _____________.
important relay center between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem/rest of body
Thalamus is in charge of:
receiving information and sending it to rest of body
Hypothalamus is super important for:
Sensory and control center such as osmoreceptors, infection sensors, temp sensors.
Brain stem divided into 3 parts:
Top: mid brain aka mesencephalon
Mid: pons, olive shaped structure in middle of brain stem
Bottom: medulla oblongata
Beneath that: cord
Sulcus
Grooves in brain
Gyrus
lumps of brain, separated by sulcus
“Gie-Rye” plural for gyrus
Fissure
Really really deep groove
Frontal lobe
-Most of our thinking
Parietal lobe
Behind frontal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex such as feeling pressure, sometimes pain.
Occipital lobe
Vision processing, back of brain
Central Sulcus
very deep groove thats the main anatomical marker between frontal and parietal lobe, between thinking and sensation.
Temporal lobe
sides of brain where ears are, process auditory. language comprehension, listening to music.
Lateral sulcus
Temporal/lateral fissure, separating temporal lobe from other structures (frontal and parietal lobes)
Longitudinal fissure
Deep groove separating left and right hemispheres, can be seen from inferior view or coronal (basicallly cutting through sagittal plane)
Groove that separates occipital from parietal
NONE
one side of brain talks to other side of brain through _________, which is a limited pathway
Corpus callosum
Cross-talk
One side of the brain talking to other side through corpus callosum
Why is corpus callosum a lighter color?
Lots of myelinated neurons for passing information.
Wernicke’s area
Temporal lobe, language processing.
Broca’s area
Speaking (thinking), frontal lobe.
Motor cortex
Frontal lobe, cause youre thinking about it. Its the area anterior to central sulcus (aka precentral gyrus), most posterior part of frontal lobe.
Planning happens in
Anterior portion of frontal lobe.`
Somatosensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus, anterior part of parietal lobe.
Precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex, right in front of central sulcus.
Limbic system
Behavior, emotions, motivation, found mostly in temporal lobe but also in other areas of brain.
Spinal cord diameter
size of a quarter, fairly small.
Darker/whiter areas of spinal cord
Grey matter/White matter
due to presence of myelinated neurons, which are mostly present in white matter.
Grey matter has ________ myelin.
Alot less myelin, but still present.
Cell bodies dont have ______ on them.
Myelin, so they will be mostly in grey matter.
Decisions are made in:
Cell bodies in grey matter
Thinking part of CNS
Grey matter
Transmitting of decisions in CNS
White matter
In brain, dark matter is found
Superficial to white matter on outside of cerebral hemispheres, which is odd cause rest of body has decision making structures deep.
What is the good part about grey matter being superficial?
Blood vessels that supply the brain are superficial so they get fed nutrients easier.
Downsides of superficial grey matter
Head injuries are easier to damage grey matter and wont have processing power we once had.
Whats the buffer for the brain in physical injuries?
CSF.
Concussion
Grey areas hitting the walls of the brain
Brain adapts to injuries but:
Its not perfect and wont be the same i.e. a stroke
Rear/posterior side of cord
Top side.
Front/anterior side of cord
Bottom side
Information moving one side to another of spinal cord is limited, with small area of white and grey matter connecting each side, what are the names of these areas?
Grey matter: Lamina 10
White matter: Anterior white commissure (AWC)
Commissure means
Connecting, also called x-over.
Top groove in spinal cord
Posterior median sulcus/fissure.
Bottom groove in spinal cord
Anterior median fissure/sulcus
Which median fissure is wider? Why?
Anterior, arterial vessel is parked in front of it.
Dead center of grey matter in lamina 10 is called?
Central canal, lined with ciliated cells to move CSF up and down spinal cord.
Where is CSF produced?
Brain
Is this diameter of central canal the same throughout the spinal cord?
No, its wider at the top and skinnier at the bottom.
CSF movement direction
made in brain, cilia cells forward fresh CSF down the central canal, out the bottom and then it surrounds/maintains environment around spinal cord.
Grey matter in spinal cord looks like
Butterfly
Dorsal horns
Posterior grey matter in cord
Sensory information is fed into the back of the cord, into dorsal horns
Ventral horns
Anterior grey matter in cord
Motor function comes out of ventral horn.
Cell bodies in dorsal horn have
Sensory function
Cell bodies in ventral horn have
Motor function
Epidurals are made easier by what?
Sensory function being in back of spinal cord in dorsal horns
Lateral horns
Not to be worried about, but be aware. small projections between dorsal and ventral horns.
Feed vessels for spinal circulation come from
branches of intercostal arteries
Where does cord perfusion come from?
Intercostal arteries that connect with spinal arteries.
Feed vessels also come from top of cord near brain stem and upper neck.
We have autoregulation of _____ and ________.
Brain blood flow and spinal cord blood flow
Posterior spinal arteries are on
each side
Anterior spinal artery is
Sits in anterior median fissure
Spinal veins are mostly similar to arteries except
posterior spinal vein is in middle and not sides
information sent into back of cord is sent through
Posterior rootlets from posterior root with spinal ganglion
Coverage for this class ends at
Peripheral Spinal nerves
Motor function sent out the ventral horn is sent into
Anterior rootlets to anterior root
When sensory comes into posterior spinal cord into dorsal horns, where does it go to reach the brain?
Hops over to white matter to be sent to brain
What direction does sensory enter cord?
Horizontally
Sensory stuff is sent ______ to brain stem and brain
Ascending pathway/column
Where are ascending columns in cord?
Moslty in rear, few in superficial anterior section and lateral sections of cord
posterior rootlets
Individual strands of groups of fibers
Root
Where rootlets all come together, both in anterior/posterior.
Where both roots come together?
Spinal nerve
Spinal nerves are gonna have:
Mix sensory and motor function
Unique structure of posterior root
Big lump, it’s a collection of cell bodies from psuedounipolar sensory neurons, called a spinal ganglion.
Descending pathways/columns
Mostly lateral on each sides of cord, some in anterior part around anterior median sulcus.
Cervical spine characteristics
7 vertebra, 8 pairs of spinal nerves coming off cord.
How are C1 pairs of spinal nerves unique
They come out above the vertebra, while the rest come out the bottom of the vertebra.
Thoracic spine characteristics
12 vertebrae, 12 pairs that come out underneath each vertebra.
Lumbar spine characteristics
5 vertebra, 5 pairs coming out underneath each vertebra.
Sacral spine characteristics
Originally starts with 5 vertebra at birth, but they eventually fuse into sacrum as solid bone but have 5 pairs of nerves that orinate below where vertebra originally were.
Coccygeal
Below sacrum, start off with 4 vertebra, fuse into 2, ONE pair of spinal nerves.
Dermatomes
Where spinal nerves are covering sensory fields on body.
Dermatome man
Man bending over at waist with hands towards the floor.
S-shaped spine with discs serves as
Springy structure absorbing shock.
Cervical spine curvature
Lordosis, anterior curvature, convex from the front view
Thoracic spine curvature
Kyphosis, posterior curvature, concave from front view
Lumbar spine curvature
Lordosis, anterior curvature, convex
Sacral spine curvature
Kyphosis, posterior curvature, concave
Abnormal curvature causes what? Where is most common?
Affects shock absorption. Thoracic kyphosis as you get super old, think hunchback lady walking across the street.
What kind of curvature are you born with?
Overall whole spine is a kyphotic curvature, C-spine and L-spine lordosis curvature forms later to form “S” shape.
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature (left-right)
People may not even know they have this abnormal curvature:
Scoliosis
Most common combination of abnormal curvature
Kyphos-scoliosis
What is difficult before full s-shaped spine is formed?
Difficult to balance, hold head up, and walk with complete kyphotic curvature
Verterbral body
Weight supporting structure of spine, where discs sit on.
Size of vertebral body is
Smaller up top, bigger down low due to how much weight they are supporting.
Much more _______ vertebral bodies at base of spine compared to superior parts of spine.
Robust.
U shaped structure that encases the cord is called
Vertebral arch
Part of arch that connect to vertebral body
Pedicle
Bottom of u-shaped arch is called
Lamina
Process is a
Bony extension, palpable markers you can feel
Spinous process
Comes off the bottom of arch, palpable.
Transverse process
Comes off each side laterally of arch near pedicle
Superior articular process
Extending superiorly from each side of arch, connecting to inferior articular process of above vertebra.
Articular/articulate means
connecting one thing to another
Inferior vertebral notch? where is it and what is its purpose?
Underneath pedicle, where the spinal nerve exits on each side.
Joint connecting inferior and super articular process
Facet joint, pronounced “fuh-set”
called inferior articular facet, has cartilage on it
Vertebral foramen
Where cord and nerve roots are. Foramen is an opening.
Cervical vertebrae foramen?
- Large vertebral foramen due to larger spinal cord at top with more information
Unique foramen for cervical spine
Transverse foramen laterally on each side of vertebral body. Houses vertebral bodies C1-C6, C7 has artery on outside even though it has a foramen for it.
Does C1 still have superior articular facet?
Yes
Cervical spinous process
C2-C5 are bifid
C6 is bifid half the time
C7 is single spinous process, rare 0.3% have bifid
Transverse process has _______ for ______ to hangout in
Sulcus/divot/groove/hollowed out area for spinal nerves
4 arteries for the brain, where are they?
2 of them are in posterior, in transverse processes in C-spine, and 2 of them are anterior which are carotid arteries.
