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A&P 1 > FINAL EXAM - Lecture 4 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM - Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

BP regulator of kidney

A

Chronic high blood pressure can be due to kidneys, possibly because it doesnt notice high BP, but could be anything.

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2
Q

pH regulation of kidney

A

kidney can produce bicarb, and it also decides how much bicarb to reabsorb (small, so easy to reabsorb). It is also in charge of getting rid of H+ protons.

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3
Q

RBC regulation of kidney

A

Kidneys have pxygen sensors DEEP inside kidney, and they assess oxygen tension in deep medullary portions of kidney. If O2 is low, kidney releases erythropoietin, which will stimulate bone marrow to produce more RBCs. Improves ability to perfuse.

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4
Q

Electrolyte regulation of kidney

A

Kidneys can sometimes pick and choose which electrolytes to reabsorb, but for the most part its all reabsorbed.

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5
Q

Vitamin D regulation of kidney

A

Kidney can determine how much calcium to reabsorb, but also how much it absorbs from the food, via vitamin D activation in kidney.

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6
Q

Blood glucose regulation of kidney

A

Reabsorbs glucose, typically all of it. But if BG is super high (900 for a few days), kidneys cant reabsorb it and it will excrete it out via urine. Its technically a safety valve/blow off valve for ridiculous BG levels.

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7
Q

Drug clearance regulation of kidney

A

Typically, a secretory process of removing drugs from kidney

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8
Q

Metabolic waste disposal by kidney

A

Nitrogenous waste compounds such as with severe diabetes, Urea.

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9
Q

Osmolarity regulation of kidney

A

Decides how much water to reabsorb SEPERATE from NaCl that it is reabsorbing. Can remove water without salt, or salt without water. Controls the osmolarity.

If pt is hypernatremic, it can remove salt without removing water. Cause if you remove both, the osmolarity doesnt change.

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10
Q

How is the osmolarity regulator managed?

A

ADH, osmoreceptors in the brain.

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11
Q

Including all of the roles of the kidney, everything is usually managed by

A

GFR.

Secretory can also be included, but its mostly GFR.

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12
Q

Complete order of blood flow in kidney from entry to exit

A

Renal artery -> segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries -> Arcuate arteries -> interlobular arteries -> afferent arterioles -> glomerular capillaries -> efferent arterioles -> peritubular capillaries -> interlobular veins -> arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> segmental veins -> renal veins

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13
Q

What structures form the nephron?

A

Afferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries + the tubular network.

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14
Q

How many nephrons are we born with?

A

Each kidney has 1 million. 2 million total.

Start to lose nephrons around the age of 40 due to wear and tear

A 10 year old should still have 2 million.

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15
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

Deep and superficial

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16
Q

Where are most nephrons found?

A

Cortical superficial nephrons, 90-95%

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17
Q

Where are less nephrons found?

A

Deep medullary nephrons (inner medulla). 5-10%

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18
Q

A superficial nephron in the cortex will have peritubular capillaries where?

A

In the outer medulla

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19
Q

What’s in the inner medulla?

A

Deep medullary nephrons with their peritubular capillaries.

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20
Q

What is different about the PT caps in the deep inner medullary nephrons?

A

There’s more ascending blood vessels than descending bloods vessels. The ascending blood vessels have split points and may split into 2 or 3 blood vessels.

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21
Q

Why are the PT caps different in the deep medullary nephrons? (Reason)

A

It slows down the velocity of the blood flow, which is important for maintaining solutes in the deep inner medulla. It prevents washout of solutes, to help with reabsorption.

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22
Q

What are the blood vessels of deep PT caps called?

A

Vesa recta capillaries.

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23
Q

Downside of deep medullary nephrons

A

Limited supply of blood, so it will be very sensitive to hypoperfusion.

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24
Q

AVR and DVR stands for

A

Ascending vesa recta and descending vesa recta

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25
Q

What is right above the kidneys?

A

Diaphragm

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26
Q

Renal artery and vein is right beneath

A

Mesenteric artery

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27
Q

On top of each kidney is

A

Adrenal glands

28
Q

Kidney cancer is relatively rare because

A

Kidneys don’t really reproduce new nephrons, so since there’s not a fast reproductive rate, there’s a less chance of cancer.

29
Q

Kidney pain is referred to

A

Lower back

30
Q

Difference between men and women urinary anatomy

A

Men have prostate gland and a prostate enlargement will squeeze the urethra and make it difficult to empty the bladder. Will cause frequent bathroom breaks cause the bladder is always full.

31
Q

What controls emptying of bladder?

A

Mix of PNS and SNS.

Controlled by the pudendal nerve, which comes off spinal nerves S2,3,4

32
Q

What spinal nerves control bowel and bladder emptying?

A

S2,3,4

33
Q

Risk of prostate surgery

A

Surgeon can cut pudendal nerve and make patient lose controls of bowels and bladder

34
Q

What nerve is responsible for erections in men?

A

Pudendal nerve

35
Q

First part of tubule is called

A

proximal convoluted tubule

36
Q

Corpuscle is also referred as

A

Bowman’s capsule

37
Q

Complete order of renal tubular structure

A

PCT -> PST -> DTL -> ATL (ascending thin limb) -> TAL -> MD -> DCT -> CT -> CCD -> oMCD -> iMCD

38
Q

Loop of henle has 3 parts

A

Thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb

39
Q

Located within TAL, a structure called

A

Macula densa

40
Q

Macula densa is responsible for

A

Where kidney monitors filtration rate. There’s a “speedometer” that tells kidney how much fluid is being filtered.

41
Q

What tubular structure comes into contact with blood vessels?

A

Macula densa, because it’s monitoring filtration rate.

42
Q

Medullary collecting duct is divided into two parts

A

Outer (superficial) and inner (deep).

43
Q

The macula densa has cells connected to

A

Juxtaglomerular cells in Afferent and efferent arterioles.

44
Q

When the macula densa senses that flow is low, what happens?

A

Renin is released from the juxtaglomerular cells at Afferent and efferent srterioles. Renin increases angiotensin II levels, which will constrict EFFERENT arteriole. Restores flow in macula densa.

45
Q

Chemist Pauline took what to slow down his cancer?

A

Vitamin C

46
Q

How could vitamin C possibly slow down cancer?

A

Aiding with oxidative stress

47
Q

Renal clearance describes

A

Amount of substance cleared from plasma per unit of time

48
Q

Renal clearance will always be measured in

A

mL/min

49
Q

Uppercase V with dot over it is

A

Volume per unit of time

Could also be U

50
Q

If we have something that is easily filter able, the concentration in the bowman’s capsule should be what compared to the blood before it was filtered?

A

The same

51
Q

What % of “stuff” is reabsorbed into proximal tubule?

A

2/3rds

52
Q

How much glucose is reabsorbed into proximal tubule?

A

Should be all of it in a healthy patient

53
Q

If 2/3rds of “stuff” is reabsorbed, but 99% of fluid is reabsorbed after filtration, what does that do to the osmolarity?

A

Becomes much more concentrated

54
Q

If a compound is filtered but NONE of it is reabsorbed, what does that do to the concentration?

A

If the compound is concentrated in 125mL, that entire concentration has to pack into 1mL, making it very concentrated.

55
Q

If compound X is filtered and not reabsorbed, talk about the concentration in the proximal tubule and peritubular capillaries

A

Highly concentrated in PCT, low concentration in peritubular capillaries because what didn’t get filtered is now in PT, but now has 124mL of extra fluid that doesn’t contain the compound

56
Q

If X = 1mg/dL, and theres 125mL filtered per minute, that’s how many mg?

A

1.25mg/min

57
Q

If there’s 1.25mg per minute excreted, how many mLs is that?

A

1mL

58
Q

How many mLs is a dL?

A

100

59
Q

If there is a compound that is filtered but not reabsorbed , it should be similar to

A

GFR

60
Q

Renal clearance formula

A

Urinary flow rate x urinary concentration divided by plasma concentration

E.g. (1mL/min x 1.25mg/mL) / 1mg/100mL = 125mL/min

61
Q

What is compound x?

A

Inulin. Gold standard to measure GFR.

62
Q

Why is creatinine measurement inaccurate for GFR?

A

Creatinine is also secreted so it will read a falsely high GFR

63
Q

If compound Y is fairly filtered, and highly highly secreted to take the rest of Y out of the peritubular capillaries into the tubule, what does this result in?

A

Highly concentrated tubule and zero compound Y post peritubular capillary. Very high clearance rate, will give us a good estimate of our renal plasma flow.

64
Q

What is compound Y?

A

PAH

65
Q

What is the clearance rate of PAH?

A

90%

A&P 1 (39 decks)

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