Exam 1 - Lecture 3 8/28

Question 1

Sources of cholesterol

Answer 1

Exogenous 20% and endogenous 80%

Question 2

Why is cholesterol hard to lower by just diet?

Answer 2

Most of your cholesterol, 80%, is made in the body and not by the food you eat. Statins medication will better help lower cholesterol.

Question 3

6 compounds of cholesterol metabolites

Answer 3

E2 estradiol, Testosterone, Progesterone, aldosterone, Androstenedione, and Cortisol

Question 4

What is progesterone?

Answer 4

Cholesterol metabolite, sex hormone

Question 5

Aldosterone

Answer 5

Stress hormone in the adrenal glands

Question 6

Cortisol

Answer 6

Stress hormone in the adrenal glands

Question 7

What’s the similarity between aldosterone and cortisol?

Answer 7

They are both secreted by adrenal gland and their compounds are extremely similar. They may be able to attach themselves to each others receptors due to similarities. If Aldosterone is low, cortisol may be able to bind to aldosterone receptors.

Question 8

E2 Estradiol

Answer 8

Sex hormone

Question 9

Androstenedione

Answer 9

Testosterone precursor, baseball players used this back in the 90’s as performance enhancing.

Question 10

Testosterone

Answer 10

Sex hormone

Question 11

Arachidonic Acid

Answer 11

Imp precursor. Long, large fatty acid chains that hangout in cell walls. Parent compound to many things such as cox1/2, prostaglandins, HETE/EET, Leukotrines

Question 12

PhosphatidylINOSITOL (PI)

Answer 12

On the polar head of the phospholipid, found in the smooth muscle to regulate contraction.

Question 13

PhosphatidylSERINE (cytosolic)

Answer 13

Immune marker, should stay inside cell wall if the cell is healthy. When unhealthy, it will stick outside the cell and be an immune marker for the body to attack it. Related to flipase enzyme

Question 14

Flipase

Answer 14

Enzymes in cell wall that will correct serine from being outside the cell, flips it back inside cell. Need good supply of ATP to do this, and when a dying cell runs out of ATP that is why the sick cell then has serines on the outside because flipase can’t do its job.

Question 15

PhosphatidylETHANOLAMINE (PE)

Answer 15

NOTHING SPECIAL LOL

Question 16

PhosphatidylCHOLINE (PCh)

Answer 16

Storage molecule for transduction. Stashes choline, needed for acetylcholine.

Question 17

What do all Phosphatidyl- precursors play a role in?

Answer 17

Lung surfactant

Question 18

Sphingomyelin

Answer 18

Fatty compound for body to construct myelin

Question 19

1st arachidonic pathway

Answer 19

COX1/COX2 enzymes create PGG2 -> PGH2 used e2 synthase to produce -> PGE2/PGI2/PGF2alpha/TXA2

Question 20

What are the prostaglandins compounds and what do they do?

Answer 20

PGE2/PGI2/PGF2alpha: ramp up pain signals, help you notice pain.

Question 21

TXA2

Answer 21

Thromboxane A2: helps tighten blood vessels during clotting cascade to prevent further bleeding.

Question 22

How is aspirin related to COX1/COX2?

Answer 22

Aspiring inhibits the enzymes for this pathway to prevent pain, this is why dilated blood vessels/further bleeding is a side effect of aspirin. More related to COX1.

Question 23

What drug is specific to COX2 for pain?

Answer 23

Naproxen.

Question 24

COX2

Answer 24

Inactive until body senses pain, then it is activated.

Question 25

COX1

Answer 25

Active all the time, more specific to TXA2 production.

Question 26

2nd pathway for Arachidonic acid

Answer 26

Enzyme: Lipocygenase (5-LO---FLAP) -> 5HPETE -> LTA4 -> LTC4/LTD4/LTE4

Question 27

LTC4/LTD4/LTE4

Answer 27

Leukotrines: part of bodies immune response, causes inflammation.

Question 28

1st degree ACTIVE transport

Answer 28

Na+/K+ pump, Ca++ pump, H+ pump. All use ATP, and the enzyme ATPase. They are going against chemical/electrical gradient, and/or speeding up the process, therefore they use energy.

Question 29

3rd pathway for Arachidonic acid

Answer 29

HETE/EET: fatty, short living. present in acute renal failure

Question 30

How does ATP work in pump channels?

Answer 30

A phosphate is removed from ATP, converting it to ADP and releasing energy to move ions.

Question 31

Simple diffusion

Answer 31

Gas and electrolytes/channel proteins.

Question 32

How does simple diffusion move things in and out of cell without ATP/using energy?

Answer 32

Chemical or electrical gradient. e.g. Gas moves across membrane without difficulty, if there is more gas outside cell than inside, then it will naturally move inside the cell. For electrical, sodium is naturally positive so if cell is negative it may bring sodium inside the cell via a sodium channel.

Question 33

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 33

Binding to compound forcing conformational change, which then releases compound on the other side of the cell.

Question 34

H2O pumps

Answer 34

Move water in and out of the cell via AQP (aquaporin). h2o may even use electrolyte channels if there are no h2o pumps.

Question 35

Na+/K+ pumps

Answer 35

1st degree active transport, uses ATP. 3 Na+ move outside the cell, in exchange for 2 K+ to move inside the cell. This goes against electrical gradient, which is why it requires ATP. 10x more Na+ outside the cell than in, and 30x more K+ inside the cell than out.

Question 36

What is the highest energy process in the body?

Answer 36

Na+/K+ pumps

Question 37

Ca++ pumps

Answer 37

1st degree active transport, requires ATP. Must move all calcium outside the cell, 10,000:1 ratio.

Question 38

H+ pumps

Answer 38

1st degree active transport. Moves H+ outside the cell. e.g. in the stomach, needs to have low pH. H+ is very acidic, so pumping H+ into the stomach.

Question 39

Secondary active transport

Answer 39

Don't directly use ATP, but rely on 1st degree pumps to be active in the cell in order for them to function. -NCX transporter, aka Na+/Ca++ exchanger. -Na+ Glucose

Question 40

NCX Transporter

Answer 40

AKA sodium calcium exchanger: form of secondary active transport, facilitated diffusion. 1 calcium moved outside the cell, 3 sodiums moved inside the cell. uses Na+ gradient to get into cell, and this happens when too much calcium is inside the cell.

Question 41

Na+ Glucose pump

Answer 41

Secondary active transport. Speeds up glucose getting inside the cell, using Na+ gradient. Mostly found in kidneys.

Question 42

Glut-4 transporter

Answer 42

95% of the time how glucose gets inside the cell. Glucose is charged, polar, hydrophilic and does not require energy (facilitated diffusion). Glucose binds to outside of cell, causes conformation change, and rotates inside the cell to be dropped off and used (burned).

Question 43

How do you get more glut-4 transporters? Where are they found?

Answer 43

Give insulin. Throughout the body (liver, musculoskeletal cells, adipose tissue.)

Question 44

Glut-1

Answer 44

found in red blood cells, not insulin dependent.