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A&P 1 > Exam 2 - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

CSF producing structures are surrounded by

A

meninges

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2
Q

Sinuses are named different than other veins because they are

A

Robust/rigid, much stronger than normal veins.

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3
Q

Sinus veins in brain outer layer?

A

dura mater

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4
Q

Why is a subdural hematoma a venous bleed?

A

Dura mater has a venous bed.

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5
Q

Brain blood flow rate is dependent upon

A

Cerebral metabolic activity.

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6
Q

Arterial brain blood supply that is a continous pathway

A

Circle of willis

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7
Q

What is an advantage of the circle of willis?

A

Increases likelihood of continuous circulation in case one gets blocked. It ensures collateral circulation.

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8
Q

2 vertebral arteries come together in the brain to form

A

Basilar artery just underneath the pons.

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9
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A

posterior side of circle of Willis. Back/far lateral sides of brain.

Blue area on slide 23

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10
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

A

Provide perfusion for frontal lobe/ front/midline, anterior side of circle of willis.

pink area on slide 23

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11
Q

Middle cerebral artery

A

perfuse the middle and lateral parts of cerebral cortex, run lateral from circle of willis.

green area on slide 23

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12
Q

Largest artery from circle of willis and how it compares to the other arteries if it clots?

A

middle cerebral, most dangerous if it clots. If you have a stroke, middle cerebral would be worse effect.

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13
Q

“Early” or “Pre” or “P/A1” part of artery means its

A

inside the circle of willis

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14
Q

“Late” or “post” or P/A2” part of artery means it ___________

A

stems from the circle of willis

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15
Q

Anterior communicating artery

A

Connects the 2 anterior arteries off the circle of willis

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16
Q

Posterior communicating artery

A

the 2 arteries connecting posterior cerebral artery to middle cerebral arteries.

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17
Q

Does middle cerebral artery have a pre/post communicating artery?

A

no

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18
Q

Cerebellum is perfused through 3 major arteries:

A

Superior cerebellar artery, anteroinferior cerebellar artery, posteroinferior cerebellar artery.

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19
Q

Superior cerebellar artery branches off from

A

Basilar artery, for front/top of cerebellum.

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20
Q

Anteroinferior cerebellar artery branches from

A

basilar artery, perfuses the middle of cerebellum

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21
Q

Posteroinferior cerebellar artery stems from

A

each of the vertebral arteries, perfuses the back of the cerebellum.

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22
Q

Epidural hematoma results from

A

skull fractures/head trauma. Arterial bleed. Easier to fix, put in a drain and get blood out, doesnt infiltrate the rest of the brain.

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23
Q

Subdural hematoma bleeds from

A

dura mater ripping, venous bleed. Gets worse over a few days, slower to develop.

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24
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Arterial, progresses quickly.
Aneurysm.
Messier than others, hardest to fix. When it bleeds, it infiltrates neurons/glial cells. Caused by hemorrhagic stroke, genetics, lifestyle (alcoholism, chronic hypertension)

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25
Q

Metabolism in the brain goes up, then _________

A

brain blood flow goes up

26
Q

The more CO2 produced in brain, the __________ we have.

A

more brain blood flow

27
Q

CO2 leaks into blood vessels in brain and

A

dilates the vessels and increases blood flow

28
Q

Autoregulation

A

Brains abillity to adjust brain blood flow based on blood pressure.

Prevents unnecessary changes in blood flow to brain from changes in blood pressure.

29
Q

autoregulation typically can regulate between what MAP?

A

50-150

30
Q

What would brain blood flow/MAP chart look like without autoregulation?

A

it would be linear

31
Q

If blood pressure were to raise, but the brain doesnt need more blood flow, what would happen?

A

Vessels in brain constrict to prevent unnecessary extra blood flow that would result from spike in blood pressure.

32
Q

If blood pressure were to drop, but the brain doesnt need less blood flow, what would happen?

A

Vessels would dilate in order to prevent decrease in brain blood flow.

33
Q

What happens if MAP dropped below 50?

A

Brain vessels can no longer dilate enough to increase blood flow to brain, and result in under perfusion, cell death.

34
Q

What happens if MAP rised above 150?

A

Brain vessels can no longer constrict enough to decrease brain blood flow, resulting in overperfusion of brain. Results in aneurysms.

35
Q

LLA in autoregulation

A

Lower limit autoregulation, usually 50 in healthy individual

36
Q

ULA in autoregulation

A

Upper limit autoregulation, usually 150 in healthy individual

37
Q

Brain can adapt to chronically high or low blood pressure by

A

Adjusting its upper and lower limits in autoregulation. If someones baseline MAP was 150, then the autoregulation range would be more like 100-200

38
Q

What can reduce brain’s ability to autoregulate?

A

volatile anesthetic drugs

39
Q

Chronically high blood pressure would result in

A

they harden up and become thick/robust vessels from having to squeeze tighter than normal to withhold the higher pressures, but the consequence is they can’t dilate as much.

40
Q

What determines if a volatile anesthetic is allowed?

A

Measured by error bars to determine if amount of inhibition is allowed or significantly insignificant. Very difficult to measure.

41
Q

Ability of a blood vessel in brain to dilate/constrict is related to

A

Cardiovascular health

42
Q

Motor neuron in the spinal cord is located in

A

Anterior horn of spinal cord

43
Q

Action potential moving down motor neuron in cell body has what channels?

A

Fast sodium channels opening and relaying AP down the axon

potassium channels as well to reset cell after AP has passed through

As well as Na+/K+ pumps to reset cell.

44
Q

Once AP gets to end of neuron, it opens up

A

second set of VG ion channels.

45
Q

The second set of VG ion channels in end of neuron that get opened up during AP are

A

P-type calcium channel

46
Q

P-type calcium channel sees action potential and

A

opens up during depolarization and allow calcium to flood into the neuron.

47
Q

Stimulus for the neuron to release neurotransmitter is?

A

Calcium coming into the neuron

48
Q

Where are the neurotransmitters at the end of a neuron before they are released?

A

Storage vesicles next to the cell wall

49
Q

ACH vesicle ready to be released into synapse

A

VP-2 storage vesicles

50
Q

VP-1 vesicles

A

Not ready to be released because of their distant proximity to cell wall, or because they arent full yet. more abundant than VP-2.

51
Q

How do vesicles release NT

A

After calcium stimulates release, vesicles fuse with cell wall and dump them in synapse/NMJ.

52
Q

What shuts down the NT being excreted into synapse? There’s 4 channels.

A
  • Ca++ pumps to pump calcium out of neuron, using ATP. Gets the vesicles to stop dumping NT.
  • Na+/K+ pump are always active and everywhere to help reset, for sodium that came in during AP.
  • VG K+ channels
  • Calcium sensitive potassium channels are opened by calcium that came in
53
Q

How many nACH receptors are on skeletal muscle surface?

A

millions at each NMJ, concentrated near the neurons location.

54
Q

When both binding sites for ach are occupied at same time, what happens?

A

Channel opens up and allows sodium to flood into the cell. Ca++ may leak in as well, but not much. K+ may leak out, but not much and its blocked by sodium/calcium coming in.

55
Q

Where are nACH receptors located?

A

On skeletal muscle at synapse near the neuron

56
Q

Type of depolarization from sodium coming through nACH-r channels in skeletal muscle

A

End plate potential - refers to the muscle being the target.

57
Q

End plate potential in healthy muscle always

A

Gives rise to action potential.

58
Q

When does end plate potential become an action potential?

A

Once fast Na+ channels get involved, next to nACH-r.

59
Q

The amount of depolarization we get with an end plate potential in a healthy skeletal muscle cell, will always be __________.

A

Enough depolarization to open fast Na+ channels and create an AP.

60
Q

An end plate potential is followed by

A

an action potential

61
Q

The current that allows AP to spread down length of skeletal muscles

A

Fast Na+ channels

62
Q

How many receptors do you need activated for action potential

A

500,000.

We have way way more receptors and NTs than we really need.

A&P 1 (39 decks)

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