Exam 1 - Lecture 1 8/23

Question 1

How many cells are in the human body?

Answer 1

35 trillion cells

Question 2

Another name for internal environment

Answer 2

Extracellular fluid

Question 3

Types of waste products

Answer 3

CO2, H+, Solid waste, H2O, urea

Question 4

How does H2O become waste?

Answer 4

A chemical reaction

Question 5

Negative feedback

Answer 5

Sees a change in the body, DOES THE OPPOSITE. Change is NEGATIVE to the stimuli.

Question 6

How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?

Answer 6

Maintaining BP, fluid buffering, pH

Question 7

Is the following positive or negative feedback?

Increased CO2 -> Increased Ventilation = decreased CO2 back to normal

Answer 7

Negative feedback

Question 8

Is positive feedback good or bad?

Answer 8

Can be both.

Question 8

Positive Feedback

Answer 8

Amplifies change AFTER change is detected. Stimuli causes a change, and the body amplifies it.

Question 9

Decreased MAP -> Increased AVP/ADH = Increased MAP back to normal

Answer 9

Negative feedback.

Vasopressin (ADH) is secreted from pituitary gland to raise blood pressure.

Question 10

Vicious Cycle

Answer 10

Can and are usually avoided in physiologic positive feedback loops, by checkpoints.

Question 11

Checkpoint

Answer 11

Occurs when positive feedback is no longer needed. E.g. once baby is born, oxytocin no longer needs to be secreted to dilate cervix.

Question 12

Positive feedback from clotting

Answer 12

Clotting cascade stops the bleed, once bleed is stopped then checkpoint kicks in and stops the positive feedback. Vicious cycle occurs when checkpoint does not occur, and body continues to clot unnecessarily and causes severe injury/death.

Question 13

Examples of Pathologic positive feedback

Answer 13

• Sepsis/necrosis: dead cells release debris and kill cells around them, such as releasing potassium.
• Severe acidosis: so acidotic that CNS can’t increase respiratory drive, resulting in CO2 continuing to climb.
• Nephron cells die, and nephron cells do not regenerate. Remaining nephrons have to pick up more work resulting in more cell death.
• Severe hemorrhage: Decreased map -> decreased coronary blood flow -> decreased cardiac output = even lower MAP -> results in death.

Question 14

Compensated shock

Answer 14

Negative feedback works well. Less cardiac output from less blood results in increased cardiac output from tachycardia/increased contraction. Can recover from 20% (1L) blood loss.

Question 15

Decompensated shock

Answer 15

Positive feedback leads to death. 40% blood loss (severe hemorrhage) leads lack of blood to heart = lower map = death.

Question 16

Do healthy people respond to drugs the same way unhealthy people do?

Answer 16

No.

Question 17

What changes with the administration of anesthetic drugs

Answer 17

It alters physiology. Natural homeostasis is affected and YOU the provider must take over homeostasis. e.g. body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, pH

Question 18

How many RBCs in the human body?

Answer 18

25 trillion

Question 19

Are cells capable of replication?

Answer 19

Usually. If not, other cells nearby are capable of replicating the other cell. e.g. RBCs can’t self replicate but bone barrow is nearby and creates new RBC’s.

Question 20

Cells make up ____ which make up _____ organs which make up _____.

Answer 20

Tissues, organs, body.

Question 21

The cytoplasm is made up of what % of water?

Answer 21

70-75%

Question 22

What makes up the cell wall?

Answer 22

Phospholipid bilayer.

Question 23

Where do most of the chemical reactions take place in the cell?

Answer 23

Cytoplasm

Question 24

Nucleus

Answer 24

Has a barrier to keep DNA secure from viruses and bacteria. Almost its entire own cell wall.

Question 25

What is the nucleus cell wall composed of>

Answer 25

Double phospholipid bilayer

Question 26

Nuclear envelope

Answer 26

The area between the outer and inner membranes on nuclear cell wall.

Question 27

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 27

Extension of nuclear wall. Genes are read/turned on. Proteins and fats are produced, and stores calcium.

Question 28

What is formed in the Granular ER (Rough ER)

Answer 28

Proteins

Question 29

What makes the ER “Rough”?

Answer 29

Ribosomes.

Question 30

What do ribosomes do in the ER?

Answer 30

Translate amino acids into proteins

Question 31

What is formed in the Smooth ER?

Answer 31

Lipids

Question 32

Golgi apparatus

Answer 32

Proteins/lipids are brought here from the ER, where they are then packaged into vesicles and sent into the cytoplasm.

Question 33

Secretory vesicles

Answer 33

They move the packaged proteins/lipids from Golgi apparatus to dump outside cell. e.g. oxytocin transported to cell wall and outside the cell.

Question 34

What is the proteins function in the cell membrane?

Answer 34

Transfer compounds across the membrane

Question 35

DNA is transcribed to produce what?

Answer 35

RNA

Question 36

After RNA is produced in the nucleus, where does it go?

Answer 36

Outside the Nucleus to be translated by ribosomes into proteins

Question 37

Where do ribosomes transcribe RNA to proteins?

Answer 37

ER 95% of the time – 5% of ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 38

List the important organelles and their function

Answer 38

• Transport vesicles
• Secretory vesicles: protein packages
• Mitochondria: produce ATP from energy compounds and oxygen
• Lysosomes: digest/destroy things in the cell such as dysfunctional proteins. Very acidic environment to rip everything apart.
• Peroxisomes: digest/destroy, mostly toxins. Heavily found in liver processing ethanol via oxidative stress.

Question 39

Enzymes

Answer 39

-ase. Usually proteins, Catalyze chemical reactions. e.g. ATPase pumps potassium across cell wall.

Question 40

Structural components

Answer 40

Internal support to keep shape. e.g. filaments or proteins inside the cell to prop it open.

Question 41

Sugars, Glyco-, Carboxy-, Carb-

Answer 41

Used for energy, structure, and identification.
-Many inside cell was inside proteins.
-Bacteria can form ID tags as well, so sugar compounds creating ID tags for cells helps the body determine whether the cell is human or bacterial/viral.
- Can also hold cells together, think how sugar is sticky.
- External sugars have a negative charge, and can act to repel other negatively charged compounds. These are common in the kidneys.

Question 42

Mitochondria DNA

Answer 42

inherited from mother, 12-20 different sets of mitochondrial DNA.