Larynx and Thyroid

Question 1

List three functions of the larynx

Answer 1

Respiration
Vocalisation
Protection of the respiratory passage during swallowing

Question 2

How does the larynx protect the respiratory passage during swallowing?

Answer 2

The epiglottis closes the larynx so food doesn’t pass into the larynx and therefore the airways

Question 3

T/F:

The entire larynx is lined with respiratory epithelium

Answer 3

False

Larynx is but epiglottis is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

The joints between the major cartilages of the larynx are _____

Answer 4

synovial

Question 5

List the three hyaline cartilages of the larynx

Answer 5

Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid

Question 6

T/F:

All the hyaline cartilages are singular

Answer 6

False

Thyroid and cricoid are singular but arytenoid is paired

Question 7

List some features of the thyroid cartilage

Answer 7

Anterior lamina
Laryngeal prominence
Superior horn
Inferior horn
Oblique line

Question 8

Which is the only cartilage that surrounds the larynx?

Answer 8

Cricoid

Question 9

T/F:

The cricoid lamina is anterior and the arch is posterior

Answer 9

False
Lamina is posterior
Arch is anterior

Question 10

T/F:

Many of the intrinsic muscles attach to the arytenoid cartilage

Answer 10

True

Question 11

T/F:
The vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilage are directed medially and are the sites of attachment of the vocal ligament/fold/vocalis muscle

Answer 11

False

Everything is true except that they are directed anteriorly

Question 12

Which direction are the muscular processes of the larynx directed?

Answer 12

Laterally

Question 13

The apex of the larynx is directed ______ and is attached to the _______

Answer 13

Directed superiorly

Attached to the aryepiglottic muscle/fold

Question 14

T/F:

The fibrocartilages of the larynx are all single except the cuniform

Answer 14

False

all paired except the epiglottis which is single

Question 15

Where are the corniculate cartilages located?

Answer 15

Apex of the arytenoid cartilage

Question 16

Where are the cuniform cartilages?

Answer 16

In the sides of the aryepiglottic fold

Question 17

Where are the tritiate cartilages located?

Answer 17

In the thickened posterior part of the thyrohyoid membrane

Question 18

Name the two synovial joints of the larynx

Answer 18

Cricothyroid

Cricoarytenoid

Question 19

T/F:
The cricothyroid joint is between the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage to the medial lamina of the cricoid cartilage

Answer 19

False

Lateral lamina of cricoid cartilage

Question 20

Where is the cricoarytenoid joint?

Answer 20

Upper border of cricoid cartilage to the base of the arytenoid

Question 21

T/F:

The thyroepiglottic ligament is articulation of the epiglottis with posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Which muscles attach to the oblique line?

Answer 22

Extrinsic muscles sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

Question 23

What are the boundaries of the inlet of the larynx?

Answer 23

Surrounded by the upper border of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds

Question 24

What are the boundaries of the vestibule of the larynx?

Answer 24

From the inlet to the superior edge of the vestibular folds

Question 25

What are the boundaries of the intermediate cavity?

Answer 25

From the vestibular folds down to the level of the vocal folds

Question 26

What is fima glottidis?

Answer 26

Gap between the vocal folds

Question 27

What are the boundaries of the inflaepiglottic cavity?

Answer 27

Inferior edge of the vocal folds to the top of the trachea

Question 28

T/F: | Vestibule folds are more superior than vocal folds

Answer 28

True

Question 29

T/F: | Vestibule and vocal folds are mark of elastic vocal ligament and vocalis muscle

Answer 29

False Only vocal folds are Vestibule folds are soft folds of mucous membrane

Question 30

T/F: | Both the folds are made of respiratory epithelium

Answer 30

False Vestibule folds are Vocal folds are made of non-keratinized squamous epithelium

Question 31

T/F: | Thyrohyoid membrane and cricotracheal membrane are intrinsic membranes

Answer 31

False | Extrinsic membranes

Question 32

Where does the thyrohyoid membrane extend from?

Answer 32

Upper thyroid cartilage to hyoid

Question 33

T/F: | The lateral borders of the thyrohyoid membrane thicken to form the thyrohyoid ligament

Answer 33

False | Posterior borders

Question 34

Which cartilage does the thyrohyoid membrane incorporate?

Answer 34

Tritiate cartilage

Question 35

T/F: | The cricotracheal membrane extends from the cricoid cartilage to lateral edge of the trachea

Answer 35

False | Superior edge of the trachea

Question 36

T/F: | The intrinsic muscles are paired except for arytenoid

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles?

Answer 37

Change the positions of the cartilages | Change positions of the vocal cords/tension/modify laryngeal inlet

Question 38

T/F: | The vocal process of the arytenoid is attached to the vocal folds

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Which muscle is visible on the superficial surface of an intact larynx?

Answer 39

Cricothyroid

Question 40

Where does the cricothyroid muscle extend from?

Answer 40

Superficial surface of cricoid arch to the deep surface of the thyroid lamina and inferior horn

Question 41

Which muscles are best seen when the thyroid cartilage is partly removed ie the intrinsic muscles deep/posterior to the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 41

``` Aryepiglottic muscle Oblique Arytenoid muscle Transverse arytenoid muscle Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscle ```

Question 42

T/F: | The aryepiglottic muscle extends from the lateral sides of the arytenoid cartilage to the sides of the epiglottis

Answer 42

False | Apex of the arytenoid cartilage

Question 43

Which other muscle is continuous with the aryepiglottic muscle?

Answer 43

Oblique arytenoid muscles

Question 44

Where does the oblique arytenoid muscle extend from?

Answer 44

Muscular process of one arytenoid cartilage to the apex of the opposite one

Question 45

T/F: The transverse arytenoid muscle extends from the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage to the lateral edge of the opposite one.

Answer 45

False | Muscular process to muscular process

Question 46

T/F: The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle extends from the posterior cricoid lamina to the muscular process of the contralateral arytenoid

Answer 46

False | ipsilateral arytenoid

Question 47

T/F: | The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle is deep to the cricothyroid muscle

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Where does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle extend from?

Answer 48

Arch of the cricoid back and up to the muscular process of arytenoid

Question 49

Where does thyroarytenoid muscle extend from?

Answer 49

Inner surface of arch of thyroid cartilage to vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

Question 50

What forms the vocalis muscle?

Answer 50

Medial extension of the thyroarytenoid muscle

Question 51

Where does the thyroepiglottis extend from?

Answer 51

Inner surface of thyroid lamina to lateral surface of epiglottis (some of the fibres intertwine with aryepiglottis)

Question 52

Which two muscles close the inlet?

Answer 52

Aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoid muscles | the two that make a big cross posteriorly

Question 53

Which muscle pulls the inlet open?

Answer 53

Thyroepiglottis

Question 54

T/F: | When the vocal cords tense/tighten, the cricoid rocks forwards and the arytenoid cartilage is pulled posteriorly

Answer 54

False | Cricoid rocks backwards

Question 55

Which muscle is responsible for tensing the vocal cords?

Answer 55

Cricothyroid muscle

Question 56

Which two muscles relax the vocal cords?

Answer 56

thyroarytenoid and vocalis

Question 57

Which three extrinsic muscles raise the larynx and compress the larygenal orifice?

Answer 57

Thyrohyoid Stylopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus

Question 58

Which muscle lowers the larynx and opens the orifice?

Answer 58

Sternothyroid

Question 59

Which foramen does the vagus nerve exit the skull via?

Answer 59

Jugular foramen

Question 60

Describe the vagus nerve on the left hand side of the thorax

Answer 60

Crosses anterior surface of arch of aorta then recurrent laryngeal loops under the arch

Question 61

Describe the vagus nerve on the right hand side of the thorax

Answer 61

Crosses anterior surface of subclavian artery and then loops under the subclavian artery

Question 62

On both sides of the thorax, the recurrent laryngeals run in a groove inbetween which two structures?

Answer 62

Oesophagus and trachea

Question 63

T/F: | Recurrent laryngeals pass superficially to the thyroid gland

Answer 63

False | Deep/posteriorly

Question 64

What is the function of the vagus nerve in terms of the larynx/oral cavity?

Answer 64

Sensory and somatic motor to the larynx and pharynx | Sensory to soft palate

Question 65

Which muscle does the superior laryngeal nerve internal branch pass under?

Answer 65

Thyrohyoid muscle | then pierces the thyrohyoid membrane

Question 66

What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 66

Sensory and motor to mucosa down to the level of and including the vocal folds

Question 67

What does the external branch of the superior larygenal nerve supply?

Answer 67

Cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles of pharynx | Sensory and motor

Question 68

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 68

All the muscles except the cricothyroid muscle | Mucos membrane below vocal fold

Question 69

Where do the thyroid lobes extend to?

Answer 69

Thyroid cartilage to 4th/5th tracheal cartilage

Question 70

T/F: | The thyroid is superficial to the infrahyoid muscles

Answer 70

False | Deep