Labs Master Flashcards
This antigen hepatitis B antigen is retained in the infected hepatocytes while this antigen is secreted into the blood and is essential for the establishment of persistent infection.
HBcAg
HBeAg
Enumerate 5 true liver function tests.
- Serum albumin
- Prothrombin time
- Serum ammonia (high due to defective urea cycle)
- Aminopyrine breath test (hepatic demethylation)
- Galactose elimination (IV injection)
Stain used to demonstrate copper
Rhodanine for copper
Orcein for copper-associated protein.
AFP is non-specific for HCC because it is also elevated in other benign conditions. However, very high levels (>___), are rarely encountered except in HCC.
1000 ng/mL
PSA levels
- Traditional upper limit of normal
- Level > ___ suggestive of CA
- 4.0 ng/mL
2. 10
Spirochetes may be visualized using ___
Silver stain (ex. Warthin-Starry stain)
Syphilis quiz! Answer either: A. VDRL/RPR B. MHA/FTA-ABS C. Both
- Remain positive in tertiary syphilis
- Can be used to monitor response to tx
- False positive result with collagen vascular diseases
- Positive by 4 - 6 weeks
- First test to become positive
A = non-treponemal B = anti-treponemal
- B
- A. Levels of A decline after tx while they remain elevated for B.
- A. Detects cardiolipin in both spirochete and host tissue
- C
- A
VDRL and RPR measure antibodies to this antigen present in both host tissues and the treponemal cell wall.
Cardiolipin
Causes of false positive VDRLs
Collagen vascular diseases Drug addiction Pregnancy Hypergammaglobulinemia Lepromatous leprosy
Gram stains of purulent exudate in gonorrhea would reveal
Gram negative diplococci within the cytoplasm of neutrophils
Diagnosis of Chlamydia infection is best made by:
Nucleic acid amplification tests on voided urine.
Cannot be isolated on conventional culture media
A diagnosis of LGV is made by:
Demonstration of the Chlamydia in biopsy sections or smears of exudates
Stain used to demonstrate etiologic agent in granuloma inguinale
Giemsa stain
(Minute coccobacilli within vacuoles in macrophages)
or Warthin-Starry (silver) stain
Laboratory diagnosis of genital herpes relies on:
Viral culture
The average invasive CA found by screening is around ___ in size. How many % are with nodal metastasis?
1 cm.
15%
Diffuse axonal injury is characterized by wide and often assymetric distribution of axonal swelling that appears within hours of injury. This is best demonstrated with ____ stains.
Silver stains.
Alternatively, by immunohistochemistry for proteins within axons
Cryptococcal meningitis is confirmed by visualization of yeasts in the CSF using ___ and in tissue sections using ____
CSF: India ink
Tissue section: PAS, mucicarmine, silver
CSF in multiple sclerosis patients shows ___ protein with and increased proportion of __.
Mildly elevated.
y-globulin
Definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Pathologic examination of brain tissue.
Short of this, combination of clinical assessment and modern radiologic methods allows diagnosis in 80-90%.
Immunostaining used for tumors arising from Schwann cells
S-100
Incubation of pheochromocytoma with __ solution turns the tumor a dark brown color.
Potassium dichromate
