Lab - Turtle Skeletal and Muscles Flashcards
What type of teeth do turtles have?
Edentate - no teeth!
Turtles are _____, meaning they have ____ holes in their skulls
Anapsids, no holes
Most lizards and snakes have _____ openings in their skulls! making them _____
two, diapsid
Name the regions of the skull in this animal. What kind of animal is it?
A - Prefrontal
B - Frontal
C - Postorbital
D - Parietal
E - Supraoccipital
F - Squamosal
G - Quadrate
H - Quadratojugal
I - Zygomatic/jugal
J - Maxilla
K - Premaxilla
This is a sea turtle skull
Name the regions of the skull in this photo. What kind of animal is this?
A - premaxilla
B - Maxilla
C - Palatine
D - Pterygoid
E - Choanae
F - Zygomatic/jugal
G - Quadrate
Thia is an alligator
Name the areas of the skull indicated by the pointers. What animal is this? What view are we looking at?
A - Supraoccipital
B - Jugal/zygomatic
C - Parietal
D - Postorbital
E - Frontal
F - Pre-frontal
G - Maxilla
H - Pre-maxilla
I - Dentary
J - Quadratojugal
K - Surangular
L - Angular
M - Articular
N - Quadrate
O - Exoccipital
P - Squamosal
This is a snapping turtle, seen from a lateral view
What part of a turtle’s body is this? From what view?
Name the indicated regions
Lower jaw, from an inside (medial) view
A - Dentary
B - Coronoid
C - Articular
D - Angular
E - Prearticular
Name the indicated areas of the skull. What animal is this?
A - Maxilla
B - Postorbital
C - Quadrate
D - Prootic
E - Opisthotic
F - Exoccipital
G - Supraoccipital
H - Squamosal
I - Quadratojugal
J - Zygomatic
K - Parietal
L - Frontal
M - Prefrontal
Snapping turtle
Name the indicated areas of the skull. What animal is this?
A - Palatine
B - Pterygoid
C - Zygomatic/jugal
D - Quadratojugal
E - Quadrate
F - Squamosal
G - Basiisphenoid
H - Basioccipital
I - Supraoccipital
J - Exoccipital
K - Maxilla
L - Premaxilla
M - Vomer
Snapping turtle
Which comes first, the “atlas” or the “axis”? Distinguish between the functions of each
- Atlas - Yes (up down) motion
- Axis - No (Back-and-forth)
Name these bones in the pectoral girdle
A - Coracoid
B - Acromion
C - Scapula
D - Humerus
Name these bones in the pelvic girdle. What are the vertebrae connected to the pelvic girdle referred to as? How many are there?
A - Epipubic cartilage
B - Pubis
C - Pectineal process
D - Ilium
E - Ischium
F - Femur
Sacral vertebrae
2 sacral vertebrae
Name the bones indicated in this photo
A - Metacarpals
B - Ulna
C - Radius
D - Humerus
E - Carpals
F - Trunk vertebrae
G - Rib
H - Femur
I - Tibia
J - Fibula
K - Metatarsals
L - Tarsals
Name the bones of the hyoid apparatus
A - Lingual process
B - Corpus
C - Ceratobranchial 1
D - Ceratohyl
E - Ceratobranchial 2
What are the structures in this photo? Name the origin, insertion and action of the muscles
A - Trachea
B - Omohyoid (O: Anterior margin of coracoid I: First ceratobranchial A: Helps open mouth, retracts head, lowers floor of mouth)
C - Sternomastoid (O: Acromion of the pectoral girdle and dorsal surface of deltoids I: Base of the skull A: Turns the head)
What are the muscles in this photo? Name their origin, insertion, and action
A - Deltoid (O: Anterior margin of plastron - cranial segment and acromion - caudal segment I: Head of humerus A: Abducts the arm)
B - Subscapularis (O: Coracoid I: Head of humerus A: Flexion of arm)
C - Pectoralis major (O: Plastron and acromion I: head of humerus A: Adducts humerus)
What are the muscles indicated in this photo? Give their origin, insertion, and action
A - Intermandibularis (O: Mandible I: Midventral line A: Compresses floor of mouth and pharynx)
B - Latissismus colli (O: Lateral surface of cervical vertebrae I: Midventral line A: Compresses neck and throat region; assist in swallowing)
What muscle is the pointer indicating in this photo? Which muscle lies beneath it?
Oblique abdominis, transverse abdominis
What muscle is circled in this photo? What is its function?
Longissimus dorsi - extends neck
The sternomastoid is homologous to the ______ seen in necturus and the dogfish
Cucllaris
Name the muscles indicated in this photo and include their origin, insertion, and action
A - Triceps brachii (O: Head of humerus I: Ulna A: Extension and rotation of forearm)
B - Biceps brachii (O: Caudal margin of coracoid I: Radius and ulna A: Forearm flexion and adduction)
C - Subscapularis (O: Coracoid I: Head of humerus A: Flexion of arm)
D - Latissimus dorsi (O: Carapace and scapula I: Neck of humerus via a broad tendon A: Lifts arm dorsally and anteriorly)
What is the significance of the secondary palate?
The secondary palate is a shelf of bone which partially covers the primary palate. This allows animals to breathe and manipulate food in the mouth at the same time
What are the homologoues bones to the palatoquadrate of the shark in Necturus and the turtle
Necturus - Partially ossified quadrate
Turtle - Quadrate bone
What is the evolutionary origin of the stapes?
In amphibians the stapes is called the columella, and it is derived from the hyomandibula (visceral arch 2). It is called the stapes in reptiles.
The stapes is a small bone in the middle ear cavity.
What bones make up the jaw joint of a turtle?
Ventral portion - articular bone (represents caudal end of mandibular cartilage)
The hyoid apparatus in the turtle consists of elements of visceral arches ______. The cartilages of the larynx are derived from visceral arches _____
2-4.
5 and 6
What is a significant feature of the vertebrae and ribs of the turtle? How does this differ from the mudpuppy?
Cervical and caudal vertebrae are fused to the carapace. The mudpuppy has no shell?
The turtle has ____ cervical vertebrae, _____ trunk vertebrae, ____sacral vertebrae and _____ caudal vertebrae
8, 10, 2, 20-30
Why do reptiles tend to have more sacral vertebrae than amphibians?
They have stronger limbs which bear more weight, requiring more than one sacral vertebrae
What is the phalangial formula for turtles?
2-3-3-3-2
The hemal arch remnants seen in the turtle are called ______
chevron bones
What are chevron bones?
Hemal arch remnants seen on the caudal vertebrae of turtles that are Y-shaped with a canal for the passage of the caudal artery and vein
Why is the sternum absent in turtles?
Turtles do not require ribs that enclose and protect the heart, lungs, and viscera, so there are no bones for the sternum to hold together
Is the turtle exoskeleton dermal or epidermal in origin? Explain.
They are epidermal in origin but do contain parts of the axial skeleton (ribs and vertebrae - which are fused to the carapace.
Which dermal elements of the pectoral skeleton are incorporated in the plastron?
Clavicle, interclavicle become the first three plates of the plastron during embryonic development
What is the role of epidermal scutes?
Scutes are formed from keratinized epithilium and form a parrier to prevent water loss.
How do you tell the sex of a turtle from external anatomy only?
po;k
Trace the path of food from ingestion to excretion
Mouth - pharynx- esophagus - stomach - duodenum - small intestine - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - coprodeum - proctodeum - anus
What is the role of the accessory bladders?
The accessory bladders, in females, store water used to wet the earth during nest digging. They are also used for accessory repiratory funtions and are highly vascularized for extraction oxygen from the water.
Trace the route of sperm and an ovulated egg
Egg:
Ovary - ostium - oviduct - urodeum - proctodeum
Sperm:
Testes - epididymis - ductus deferens - urodeum - urethral groove
Describe, in detail, the turtle penis
The penis is composed of grey tissue called the corpora cavernosa penis. It is divided in two by the urethral groove along which sperm travel. The penis widens and terminates in a heart-shaped glans penis.
Name several aspects of the urogenital system that are adaptive for terrestrial existence in reptiles
Reptiles are uricotelic, meaning they excrete nitrogenous waste as uric acid, which saves a lot of water during excretion.
The evolution of the penis eliminates the need to use water for mating and sperm transfer.
The evolution of the amniotic egg eliminates the aquatic larval stage as well.
What type of kidney does the turtle have? Define the term used to describe this type of kidney.
Metanephric kidneys - kidney must be drained by a ureter
What is the evolutionary origin of the eustachian tube?
The auditory (eustachian) tube is a small canal leading from the roof of the pharynx to the middle ear cavity. It is a derivative of the first pharyngeal gill pouch
Trace the pathway of blood from the right atrium to the kidney
Right atrium - Right ventricle - cavum pulmonale - pulmonary trunk - right/left pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - right/left aortic trunks - dorsal aorta - renal arteries
