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Chordate Zoology > Lab - Mudpuppy > Flashcards

Lab - Mudpuppy Flashcards

0
Q

The ______, the bone of the middle ear, is a derivative of the ______ in fishes

A

Stapes Hyomandibula

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1
Q

What makes the mudpuppy so unique/derived?

A

Necturus retains many larval features (neotenic) and is also fully aquatic

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2
Q

The middle ear cavity is homologous to the ______ of the shark

A

Spiracular gill pouch (spiracle) - second visceral arch

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3
Q

Name the four main parts of the Necturus head skeleton and state the primary differences between it and the head skeleton of a fish

A
  1. The skull (encases brain and organs and includes upper jaw) 2. Lower jaw 3. Teeth 4. Hyoid apparatus (series of bones derived from visceral arches) The Necturus differs from fishes in that it has lost the opercular and gular series.
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4
Q

What is the difference between the Necturus ear and the ear of frogs and reptiles?

A

Frogs and reptiles have a true eardrum (tympanic membrane) to transmit sound to the stapes - Necturus does not

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5
Q

What makes the jaw joint in Necturus different?

A

The jaw joint in Necturus lies between the quadrate and the Mandibular cartilage (similar to sharks), not the quadrate and the articular (like in bony fishes) - the Mandibular cartilage never ossifies into the articular

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6
Q

The jaw of amphibians is attached to the _____. Why does this occur?

A

Skull. This occurs because the hyomandibula became the stapes of the ear in amphibians, so it can no longer support the jaw

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7
Q

In land vertebrates, the _____ part of the hyoid arch and the ______ become incorporated into the hyoid apparatus, which supports the _______

A

Ventral Caudal visceral arches. Supports the tongue and floor of the pharynx

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8
Q

Name the four types of vertebrae in amphibians and reptiles. How many do fishes have?

A

Cervical, trunk, sacral and caudal. Fishes have just trunk and caudal vertebrae

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9
Q

What change in anatomy allows for the development of a neck region (and cervical vertebrae) in amphibians?

A

The pectoral girdle is no longer attached to the back of the skull (as it was in fish), so a neck region can develop to allow for head movement

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10
Q

Why do modern amphibians have much shorter ribs than ancestral forms and most living vertebrates?

A

They do not use their ribs in lung ventilation so they do not require large, supporting ribs

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11
Q

Name the bones indicated in the photo

A

A - Premaxilla
B - Vomer
C - Frontal
D - Pterygoid
E - Quadrate
F - Squamosal
G - Parietal
H - Prootic
I - Opisthotic
J - Occipital condyle

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12
Q

Name the bones indicated in this photo

A

A - Pterygoid

B - Premaxilla

C - Ethmoid

D - Vomer

E - Parasphenoid

F - Quadrate

G - Opisthotic

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13
Q

Name the parts of the hyoid apparatus indicated

A

A - Hypohyal

B - Ceratohyl

C - Basibranchial 1

D - Basibranchial 2

E - Ceratobranchial 1

F - Epibranchial 1

G - Epibranchial 2

H - Epibranchial 3

I - Ceratobranchial 1

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14
Q

Name the parts of the lower jaw indicated in the photo. What type of tooth attchment does necturus have?

A

A - Splenial

B - Mandibular

C - Angular

D - Dentary

E - Splenial

F - Mandibular Cartilage

G - Dentary

H - Angular

Pleurodont tooth attachment

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15
Q

Name the structures indicated

A

A - caudal zygapophysis

B - Spinous process

C - Cranial zygapophysis

D - Rib

E - Spinous process

F - Transverse process

G - Rib

H - Vertebral body

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16
Q

Name the structures of the pectoral girdle. What bone hold up “D” dorsally?

A

A - Procoracoid process

B - Glenoid fossa

C - Coracoid plate

D - Suprascapular cartilage, held up by scapula

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17
Q

Name the bones indicated in this photo

A

A - Humerus

B - Radius

C - Ulna

D - Carpals

E - Metacarpals

F - Phalanges

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18
Q

Name the portions of the pelvic girdle indicated in this photo

A

A - Sacral vertebra

B - Puboischiadic cartilage

C - Sacral Rib

D - Ilium

E - Ischium

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19
Q

Name the bones in this photo.

What is the name of the cartilage that connects to the femur?

A

A - Femur

B - Tibia

C - Fibula

D - Tarsals

E - Metatarsals

F - Phalanges

The cartilage is called the acetabulum

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20
Q

Name the many many muscles indicated in this photo (For some extra fun, try to do it without committing suicide!)

A

A - Levator mandibulae externus

B - Levator mandibulae anterior

D - Branchiohyoideus

E - Levators arcuum

F - Dilator laryngis

G - Pectoriscapularis

H - Cucullaris

I - Scapular deltoid

J - Latissimus dorsi

K - External oblique

L - Internal oblique

M - Transversus

N - Forearm extensors

O - Humeroantebrachialis

P - Triceps

Q - Procoracohumerali

R - Rectus cervicus

S - Sphincter coli

T - Intermandibularis

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21
Q

Name the muscles indicated

A

A - Intermandibularis

B - Geniohyoid

C - Interhyoideus

D - Brachiohyoideus

E - Sphincter Coli

F - Interhyoideus

G - Procoracohumeralis

H - Rectus cervicus

I - Supracoracoideus

J - Superacoracoideus

K - Triceps

L - Forearm extensors

M - Humeroantebrachialis

N - Coracobrachialis

O - Pectoralis

P - External oblique

Q - Rectus abdominis

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22
Q

Name the indicated muscles and list their origin, insertion, and action

A

A - External oblique (O: Horizontal septum and myosepta I: Myosepta and linea alba A: Compresses abdomen)

B - Internal oblique (O: Horizontal septum and myosepta I: Myosepta and linea alba A: Compresses abdomen)

C - Transversus (O: Horizontal septum and peritoneum I: Peritoneum A: Supports viscera)

D - Rectus Abdominis (O: Pubis I: Rectus cervicus muscle A: Flex spine ventrally and support viscera)

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23
Q

Name the indicated muscles and list their origin, insertion, and action

A

A - Levator Mandibulae Anterior (O: Top and sides of skull I: Mandible A: Elevates lower jaw)

B - Levator mandibulae externus (O: Top and sides of skull I: Mandible A: Elevates lower jaw)

C - Levators arcuum (O: Fascia over dorsalis trunci muscle I: Epibranchials of V3-V5 A: Elevates gills)

D - Intermandibularis (O: Dentary and angular I: Median raphe A: Tense floor of mouth)

E - Interhyoideus (O: Hyoid arch I: Median raphe A: Tense throat)

F - Branchiohyoideus (O: First gill arch I: Ceratohyl A: Draw hyoid caudal)

G - Geniohyoid (O: Mandibular dentary symphysis I: Second basibranchial A: Lowers floor of oral cavity)

H - Rectus Cervicus (O: Continuation of rectus abdominis I: Ceratohyl A: Lowers floor of pharynx)

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24
Q

Name the indicated muscles and list their origin, insertion, and action

A

A - Cucullaris (O: Dorsal cervical fascia I: Scapula near glenoid cavity A: Draw scapula cranially and dorsally)

B - Latissimus Dorsi (O: Dorsal fascia posterior of shoulder I: Posterior border of humerus A: Draw humerus caudally)

C - Pectoralis (O: Linea alba and pectoral fascia I: Medial surface of humerus A: Adduct humerus)

D - Supracoracoideus (O: Coracoid I: Medial anterior surface of humerus A: Adduct humerus)

E - Procoracohumeralis (O: Lateral surface of procoracoid I: Lateral surface of humerus A: flex humerus)

25
Q

Name the indicated muscles and list their origin, insertion, and action

A

A - Humeroantebrachialis (O: Proximal, anterior half of humerus I: Anterior proximal surface of radius A: Flex antebrachium)

B - Coracobrachialis (O: Coracoid I: Distal humerus A: Adduct and retract limb)

C - Triceps Brachii (O: Coracoid head from coracoid plate, humeral head from humerus I: Proximal ulna A: Extends the forearm)

26
Q

What is the large organ indicated by the arrow?

A

The liver

27
Q

Name the structures indicated by the arrows

A

A - Esophagus

B - Stomach

C - Spleen

D - Pylorus

E - Pancreas

F - Small intestine

28
Q

What mesentery supports the liver?

A

The falciform ligament

29
Q

What is the pointer elevating in this photo?

A

Archinephric duct

30
Q

The _____ is the mesentery passing to the stomach

A

Greater omentum

31
Q

THe _____ is the mesentery passing to the large intestine

A

Mesocolon

32
Q

The ____ is the mesentery between the spleen and stomach

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

33
Q

The ______ ligaments pass to each lung

A

pulmonary

34
Q

_____ is the ligament passing from the liver to the cranial stomach

A

hepatogastric ligament

35
Q

The ligament between the liver and duodenum is called the?

A

hepatodueodenal ligament

36
Q

The _____ passes from the midventral body wall to the bladder

A

median ligament of the bladder

37
Q

What are the mesenteries going to:

The testes

The ovaries

The oviduct

A
  1. Mesorchium
  2. Mesovarium
  3. Mesotubarium
38
Q

Name the muscles indicated in this photo

A

A - Intermandibularis

B - Sphincter coli

C - Rectus cervicus

D - Procoracohumeralis

E - Supracoracoideus

F - Triceps brachii

G - Humeroantebrachialis

H - Coracobrachialis

I - Pectoralis

39
Q

Name the blood vessels indicated in this photo

A

A - Internal carotid artery

B - Vertebral artery

C - External carotid artery

D - Efferent branchial arteries 1-3

E - Pulmonary artery

F - Aortix radix

G - Subclavian artery

H - Dorsal aorta

I - External carotid artery

J - Afferent branchial arteries 1-3

K - Bulbus arteriosus

L - Right atirum

M - Left atrium

N - Hepatic sinus

O - Carotid duct

40
Q

Name the veins indicated in this photo

A

A - Left hepatic

B - Posterior cardinal

C - Caudal vena cava

D - Subcardinal

E - Lienogastric

F - Efferent renal

G - Hepatic portal

H - Mesenteric

I - Afferent renal

J - Renal portal

K - Pelvic

L - Ventral abdominal

M - Femoral

N - Common iliac

O - Caudal

41
Q

Name the arteries indicated in this photo

A

A - Brachial

B - Cutaneous

C - Subclavian

D - Intersegmental

E - Lienogastric

F - Gastric

G - Lienic

H - Hepatic

I - Celiacomesenteric

J - Lienic

K - Mesenteric arteries

L - Gonadal arteries

M - Caudal

N - Iliac

42
Q

Describe ventilation through the lungs in necturus

A

Inspiration:

Air enters the external nares, nasal cavity, and then choanae as a result of the contraction of the rectus cervicus and geniohyoideus muscles. The glottis is closed as this happens.

The choanae and mouth close, the glottis opens, and the intermandibularis and interhyoideus contract to force air from the glottis to the lungs.

Expiration:

Rectus cervicus and geniohyoids contract with the glottis still open. Air is drawn out of the lungs and the glottis closes. The mouth, choanae, nasal cavity, and external nares are opened and the floor of the oral cavity is raised by the intermandibularis and interhyoideus. increased pressure forces air out of the mouth and nasal passages.

43
Q

Name the muscles indicated in this photo and give their origins, insertions, and actions

A

A - Procoracohumeralis (O: Lateral surface of procoracoid I: Lateral surface of humerus A: Flex humerus)

B - Rectus cervicus (O: Continuation of rectus abdominis I: Ceratohyl A: Lowers floor of pharynx)

C - Omoarcual (O: Rectus cervicus I: Procoracoid process A: Protracts pectoral limb)

D - Supracoracoideus (O: Coracoid I: Medial anterior surface of humerus A: Adduct humerus)

E - Pectoralis (O: Linea alba and pectoral fascia I: Medial surface of humerus A: Adduct humerus)

44
Q

Name the muscles indicated in this photo, stating their origin, insertion, and action as well

A

A - Geniohyoid (O: Mandibular dentary symphysis I: Second basibranchial A: Lowers floor of oral cavity)

B - Intermandibularis (O: Dentary and angular I: Median raphe A: Tense floor of mouth)

C - Interhyoideus (O: Ceratohyl I: Median raphe A: Tense throat)

D - Branchiohyoideus (O: First gill arch A: Ceratohyl A: Draw hyoid caudally)

E - Sphincter coli

F - Rectus cervicus (O: Rectus abdominis I: Ceratohyl and ceratobranchial A: Lowers floor of pharynx)

45
Q

Name the muscles indicated in this photo and give their origins, insertions, and action

A

A - Procoracohumeralis (O: Lateral surface of procoracoid I: Lateral surface if humerus A: Flex humerus)

B - Supracoracoideus (O: Coracoid I: Medial anterior surface of humerus A: Adduct humerus)

C - Pectoralis (O: Linea alba and pectoral fascia I: Medial surface of humerus A: Adducts humerus)

D - Triceps (O: Coracoid head from coracoid plate, humeral head from humerus I: Proximal ulna A: Extends the forearm)

E - Forearm flexors

F - Humeroantebrachialis (O: Proximal, anterior half of humerus I: Anterior proximal surface of radius A: Flex antebrachium)

G - Coracobrachialis (O: Coracoid I: Distal humerus A: Adduct and retract limb)

46
Q

Name these muscles and give their origin, insertion, and action

A

A - Levator mandibulae anterior (O: Top and sides of skull I: Mandible A: Close jaw)

B - Levator mandibulae externus (O:Top and sides of skull I: Mandible A: Close jaw)

C - Dorsalis trunci (O: Transverse processes of vertebrae I: Myoseptae and transverse processes A: Flex trunk laterally)

47
Q

Name these muscles and give their origins, insertions, and action

A

A - Branchiohyoideus (O: First gill arch I: Ceratohyl A: Draw hyoid caudally)

B - Levators arcuum (O: Fascia over dorsalis trunci muscle I: Epibranchials V3-V5 A: Elevate gills)

C - Dilator laryngis (O: Fascia covering epibranchial muscle I: Lateral cartilages of larynx A: Dilates the glottis)

D - Scapular deltoid (O: suprascapular cartilage I: Anterior border of humerus A: Draw humerus cranially)

E - Latissimus dorsi (O: Dorsal fascia posterior to shoulder I: Posterior border of humerus A: Draws humerus caudally)

F - Triceps brachii (O: Coracoid head from coracoid plate, humeral head from humerus I: Proximal ulna A: Extends the forearm)

G - Humeroantebrachialis (O: Proximal, anterior half of humerus I: Anterior proximal surface of radius A: Flex antebrachium)

H - Cucullaris (O: Dorsal servical fascia I: Scapula near glenois cavity A: Draw scapula cranially and dorsally)

I - Pectoriscapularis (O: Fascia over cervical dorsalis trunci muscle I:Anterior border of scapula A: Draw scapula cranially)

48
Q

Name the arteries indicated in this photo

A

A - Radices of the dorsal aorta

B - Subclavian artery

C - Dorsal aorta

D - Internal carotid artery

E - Vertebral artery

F - First efferent branchial artery

G - 2nd efferent branchial artery

H - 3rd efferent branchial artery

I - Pulmonary artery

49
Q

Name the arteries indicated in this photo

A

A - Internal carotid artery

B - Vertebral artery

C - Radices of the dorsal aorta

D - Subclavian artery

E - Brachial artery

F - Cutaneous artery

50
Q

Name the structures indicated in the photo

A

A - Bulbus arteriosus

B - Right atrium

C - Conus arteriosus

D - Ventricle

E - Visceral peritonium

F - First afferent branchial arch

G - Trunk of second and third afferent branchial arches

H - Left atrium

I - Pericardial cavity

51
Q

What tooth type does Necturus have? What’s the tooth attachment type?

A

Homodont, pleurodont

52
Q

What is necturus’ phalangeal formula?

A

2-3-3-3-3

53
Q

What are the three modes of respiration in the mudpuppy?

A

Gills, lungs, skin (cutaneous)

54
Q

Why is necturus used as an example of primitive amphibians?

A

Because salamanders are the most primitive amphians

55
Q

List the branches off the dorsal aorta. What do they supply?

A

Subclavian dividesinto brachial and cutaneous (supplies skin).

Lienogastric divides into lienic (supplies spleen) and gastric (supplies stomach).

Celiacomesenteric divides into lienic (to spleen), hepatic (to liver) and pancreaticoduodenal (to pancreas/duodenum).

Many mesenteric arteries supply intestine.

Gonadal (ovarian or testicular) arteries supply gonads.

Intersegmental arteries supply body wall.

56
Q

Describe reproduction in the mudpuppy. Include the path of sper,/egg, method of fertilization, and timing of sperm transfer and egg laying

A

Necturus are oviparous and have internal fertilization. Males Use the combination of the cloacal gland, the pelvic gland, and sperm to produce a thick, gelatinous spermatophore. This is laid on a substrate where a female can come along and pick it up with her cloaca. The pelvic gland, in females, is used to store sperm and it is called the spermatheca. Once eggs are in the cloaca, the spermatheca releases sperm to fertilize them.

Sperm:

Testes - ductuli efferentes - archinephric duct - cloaca

Eggs:

Ovary - Ostium tubae - oviduct - cloaca

57
Q

Follow the path of urine in the necturus.

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

A

Kidney - collecting tubules - archinephric duct - cloaca

The urinary bladder is where urine is collected AFTER it enters the cloaca (not connected to the archinephric duct), and it functions in osmoregulation (selectively reabsorbs water)

58
Q

Trace the pathway of blood from the sinus venosus to the lung.

A

Sinus venosus - atrium - bulbus arterosus - conus arteriosus - ventral aorta - radix of the aorta - ductus arteriosus - pulmonary artery

59
Q

Trace the blood from the hind limb to the sinus venosus (both routes)

A

Femoral vein - pelvic veins - ventral abdominal vein - I don’t know, fuck this

Femoral vein - common iliac vein - renal portal vein - afferent renal veins - kidney - efferent renal veins - caudal vena cava - hepatic sinuses - sinus venosus

60
Q

If the mudpuppy had no gills, could it survive using the lung for blood oxygenation?

A

No, it could not. This is because there is no way for deooxygenated blood to flow to the lung from the heart, so any oxygen taken into the red blood cells is minimal. Without the gills, the mudpuppy would die

61
Q
A

Chordate Zoology (23 decks)

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