Lab - All Comparative Flashcards
The ventral abdominal veins of the turtle are homologous to what in the dogfish? The Necturus?
Dogfish - Lateral abdominal veins
What muscle in the turtle is homologous to the primitive Cucullaris?
The sternomastoid
Bird scales are homologous to ______
Reptile scales
True or false: Hair is homologous to feathers and scales
False
What type of tooth attachment do the following groups have:
Crocodiles, turtles, birds, humans, Necturus
Turtles - Edentate
Birds - Edentate
Necturus - Pleurodont
The endostyle of primitive Chordates is homologous to the _______ of vertebrates. What is it’s function?
Thyroid - concentrates iodine
Determine whether the following organisms are diapsids, anapsids, or synapsids: birds, turtles, mammals, crocodiles
Birds - diapsids
Turtles - Thought to be anapsids
Mammals - synapsids
Crocodiles - diapsids
The ______ cartilage is the sole element of the lower jaw in cartilaginous fishes, but this ossifies and becomes the ______ in bony fishes, forming what structure?
Mandibular.
Articular, forming the lower jaw joint with the quadrate
Describe the function of the visceral arches in the Dogfish, bony fishes, Necturus, and turtles
Dogfish - 7 visceral arches. The first one (Mandibular arch) forms the upper and lower jaw (palatoquadrate cartilage and Mandibular cartilage, respectively). The second arch is the hyoid arch and the rest are the branchial arches.
Bony fishes - Mandibular cartilage partially ossifies into articular and palatoquadrate partially ossifies into quadrate
Necturus - Partially ossified quadrate is the only remaining part of the palatoquadrate. Dorsal part of second visceral arch becomes columella, the rest joins with branchial arches 1-3 to become the hyoid apparatus, which supports the tongue and floor of pharynx. 7th visceral arch forms lateral cartilages and support glottis.
Turtles - Hyoid apparatus consists of median body or corpus (derived from Basihyal of second visceral arch and basibranchials of third and fourth visceral arches). The first pair of horns are homologous with the ceratohyals of the second visceral arch. The next two pairs of ossified horns represent the ceratobranchials of visceral arches three and four.
Name what each visceral arch forms in necturus and reptiles
Necturus:
I - Mandibular, partially ossified quadrate
II - Columella, ceratohyl, hypohyl
III - Epibranchial 1, ceratobranchial 1, basibranchial 1
IV - Epibranchial 2, Ceratobranchial 2, Basibranchial 2
V - Epibranchial 3
VI - Poorly developed
VII - Lateral cartilages to support glottis
Reptiles: I - Articular, quadrate II - Stapes, 1st pair of horns, body of hyoid III - Second pair of horns, body of hyoid IV - Third pair of horns, body of hyoid V - Laryngeal cartilages VI - Not present VII - Not present
Name what each aortic arch forms in Necturus and reptiles
Necturus:
I - not present
II - not present
III - First efferent and afferent brachial arteries
IV - Second efferent and afferent brachial arteries
V - Third efferent and afferent brachial arteries
VI - Dorsal part is retained and forms ductus arteriosis (which runs to pulmonary artery)
Reptiles: I - Not present II - Not present III - Right aortic arch, carotid arteries IV - Left aortic arch V - Not present VI - Pulmonary artery
Which specific aortic arch gives rise to the external and internal carotid arteries? The pulmonary artery?
Carotid - Arch III in most amphibians and reptiles
Pulmonary artery - Typically arch VI
What type of jaw suspension do amphibians have?
Autostylic
What is the purpose of the frog’s urostyle?
To absorb the shock of landing when the frog jumps
How does the length of the scapula vs. the length of the arm vary among different birds?
Birds with powerful, rapid wing beats usually have hand bones much longer than wing segments. Birds that slide and soar may have longer wing bones to pick up the upstream of air
