Lab - Pigeon Viscera Flashcards
Follow the path that food would take through the digestive system of the pigeon
mouth - pharynx - esophagus - crop - proventriculus - gizzard - duodenum - small intestine - large intestine - coprodium - proctodium
The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by a ________. This is homologous to the _______ of the turtle.
Oblique septum - homologous to the transverse septum of the turtle
Follow the path that eggs and sperm would go down
Egg: Ovary - ostium - oviduct - vagina - urodeum - proctodeum
Sperm: testes - epididymis - vas deferens - urodeum - proctodeum
What is the role of the gizzard? The crop?
The gizzard is a large, hardened muscular portion of the stomach and is lined with a horny lining for grinding food (sometimes this lining is little rocks). The crop is a thin-walled sac at the bottom of the esophagus that retains food temporarily, can be used to regurgitate food to the young, and the walls of the crop also secrete a milky substance that can be used to feed the young
The thoracic cavity contains 3 cavities: _____, _____, and _____
The pericardial cavity (contains heart), and two pleural cavities containing the lungs
The liver is supported by a ____ ligament, which extends to the body wall
Falciform ligament
What mesenteries attach to the gizzard?
- Ventral ligament attaches gizzard to ventral body wall (continuous with falciform) 2. Gastrohepatic ligament extends between gizzard and liver 3. Mesogastric mesentery connects gizzard with dorsal body wall
What is the significance of the colic cecae?
They house cellulose-digesting bacteria, and are much larger in birds that eat twigs and leaves
What kidney type is seen in birds?
Metanephric
The pancreas lies within the ____ ligament
Medoduodenal ligament
The duodenum attaches to the liver via the ____ ligament
hepatoduodenal
The rest of the small intestine is supported by the _____
mesentery proper
Name the structures in this photo
A - small intestine
B - Pancreas
C - Gizzard
Name all the structures in these diagrams
A - Operculum
B - Palatine fold
C - Nasal cleft
D - Eustachian tube opening
E - Conical papillae
F - Esophagus
G - Beak
H - tongue
I - Horny papillae
J - Glottis
K - Conical papillae
L - Esophagus
What areas of the cloaca are indicated by this photo? What empties into each? What area do they both empty into?
What is unique about this area in young birds?
A - Coprodeum (large intestine/colon)
B - Urodeum (Vas deferens and ureter)
They empty into a proctodeum
Young birds have a “bursa of Fabricius” in their proctodeum, which helps the immune system
How does air flow into the lungs in the bird? Describe sound production in the bird
Air flows down the trachea to the right and left bronchi and through the lungs/air sac system. On the surface of the lung is a muscle known as the diaphragmaticus muscle.
Sound is produced by the syrinx, by vibrations of the internal tympaniform membrance and the external tympaniform membrane. Two sternotacheal muscles extend from the sternum to the syrinx. The intrinsic syringeal muscles run along the trachea and insert onto the syrinx. More muscles = better singing
The ureter runs parallel to the _______
ducts of the reproductive system (vas deferns or oviduct)
How do birds rid themselves of nitrogenous wastes without the presence of a bladder
Birds temporarily store wastes in the urodeum.
What is the structure indicated in this photo?
The kidney
How do birds eliminate waste?
Birds produce nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid, which allows for much higher water retention than other forms of waste.
Why do female birds only have gonads on the left side of their body?
This is presumably as an adaptation for weight reduction for flight
Fertilization occurs in the ____ of the oviduct. What happens in each section of the oviduct?
Magnum.
Magnum - Fertilization occurs and the albumen is added.
Isthmus and uterus - supply egg membranes and shell
How would the pectoral muscles and sternum differ in flapper, glider, and non-flying birds?
In strong fliers, the pectoralis and supracoracoideus may take up more than 30% of body weight!
In gliders and soarers, the keel of the sternum is reduced and pectoral muscles are less bulky.
In non-flying birds we would expect to see a smaller keel and smaller pectoral muscles, simply because they are not needed. The exception to this is the penguin, which needs strong pectoral muscles to swim.
What is the significance of the patagial tendon?
When the patagial tendon is pulled taut it automatically extends the wrist, reducing muscle bulk and effort required to extend the wing
Very briefly describe the flow of air through the pigeon lung/air sacs
Inhalation - Air flows down trachea , past respiratory surfaces and into air sacs (the air sacs are connected by a circle in the lung. Air enters the posterior air sacs without passing a respiratory surface
Exhalation - Air is pushed out of each air sac and all goes back up the trachea without once again passing the parabronchi. Air from the posterior air sacs is passed by the parabronchi for the first time on their way out
