lab three: osteology - appendicular skeleton and joints

Question 1

diarthrotic joints

Answer 1

freely moveable joints that hold together a large proportion of the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton

Question 2

diarthrosis

Answer 2

free movement

Question 3

how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 3

126 bones

Question 4

articulations

Answer 4

locations in which two or more bones are joined together

Question 5

cartilage and other types of connective tissue protect bones from _____ and depending on their arrangement, allow for _____

Answer 5

abrasion; movement

Question 6

synarthroses

Answer 6

joints that do not allow for any movement

ex: sutures of the skull and epiphyseal lines

Question 7

amphiarthroses

Answer 7

joints that allow for a little movement thanks to the give of connective tissue

ex: ligamentous connections between the tibia and fibula and pubic symphysis

Question 8

synovial joints (diarthroses)

Answer 8

joints that have free movement thanks to joint capsules that contain synovial fluids

Question 9

synovial

Answer 9

complex joints bound by joint capsule and containing synovial fluid

Question 10

nonaxial synovial joints

Answer 10

permits translational movement (plane and gliding)

Question 11

uniaxial synovial joints

Answer 11

permits movement in one plane (hinge and pivot)

ex: elbow and ankle joint

Question 12

biaxial synovial joints

Answer 12

permits movement in two planes (condylar and saddle)

ex: metacarpophalangeal joint

Question 13

multiaxial synovial joints

Answer 13

permits movement in three planes (ball and socket); permits a variety of movements

ex: shoulder and hip

Question 14

plane joints (gliding joints)

Answer 14

common where flat articular surfaces, such as those in the wrist, slide by neighboring bones

Question 15

ball-and-socket joints

Answer 15

occur where a spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped fossa of another bone, as in the joint between the humerus and the scapula

Question 16

hinge joints

Answer 16

uniaxial joints, operating like a door hinge and are located in the elbows, fingers, and toes

Question 17

pivot joints

Answer 17

uniaxial joints that permit one bone to rotate around another

Question 18

the concave-to-convex spooning of articulating surfaces allows for _____

Answer 18

biaxial movement

Question 18

condylar joints

Answer 18

characterized by a convex surface of one bone that articulates in a concave depression of another bone

Question 19

saddle joints

Answer 19

biaxial joints that are found at the junction between the thumb metacarpus and the trapezium bone of the wrist

Question 20

knee joint

Answer 20

a uniaxial synovial joint and a hinge joint because it allows for the flexion and extension of the lower leg

Question 21

what parts are associated with the knee joint?

Answer 21

distal end of the femur, proximal ends of the tibia, patella

Question 22

ligaments in the knee joint

Answer 22

small connections between bones that work together to stabilize the knee joint

Question 23

the ligaments on the knee joint typically have two connections, where are they located?

Answer 23

one on each bone

Question 24

common knee injuries

Answer 24

tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), meniscus, medial collateral ligament

Question 25

what is the cause of tears on the knee joints?

Answer 25

ligaments being stretched beyond their capacity to hold the bone together, either because of hyperextension/hyperflexion or because of an outward force to the knee

Question 26

the wide range of motion of synovial joints is attributed to the _____ between articulating bones

Answer 26

small joint cavity

Question 27

epiphyses

Answer 27

capped with articular cartilage

Question 28

articular cartilage

Answer 28

a slippery gelatinous surface of hyaline cartilage that protects the epiphyses and prevents the bones from making contact across the joint cavity

Question 29

synovial membrane

Answer 29

a membrane that lines the cavity and produces synovial fluid

Question 30

what can result from an injury to a joint?

Answer 30

inflammation of the membrane that leads to excessive fluid production

Question 31

hip joint and shoulder joint

Answer 31

both are a multiaxial synovial joint and a ball-and-socket joint

Question 32

coxal bone

Answer 32

ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 33

the _____ is a great example of how important development is for joints to function properly

Answer 33

hip joint

Question 34

if the head of the demur or the acetabulum do not develop properly, the movement provided by the joint is _____

Answer 34

changed

Question 35

acetabulum development in infants

Answer 35

common for development to be too shallow causing hip dysplasia

Question 36

hip dysplasia

Answer 36

when the acetabulum develops too shallow such that the head of the femur cannot fit properly inside the coxal bone

Question 37

hip dysplasia can lead to what?

Answer 37

can cause the femur to dislocate from the hip very easily; in childhood this means that the hip will click when moved, but later in life the excessive friction can cause arthritis

Question 38

shoulder joint

Answer 38

classified as a multiaxial synovial joint and a ball-and-socket joint because the head of the humerus is spherically shaped, and the glenoid cavity of the scapula that articulates with it is cup shaped

Question 39

due to the wide range of movements needed for the shoulder to work properly, the connections of these ligaments go __________ of the joint

Answer 39

around the outside

Question 40

what four muscles are especially well known for stabilizing the shoulder joint?

Answer 40

collectively called the rotator cuff muscles that surround the lateral head of the humerus

Question 41

_____ produced by the rotator cuff muscles stabilize the head of the humerus within the glenoid cavity

Answer 41

tension

Question 42

pectoral girdle

Answer 42

made up of the clavicle and scapula (components of the shoulder joint)

Question 43

forearm

Answer 43

made up of the ulna and radius

Question 44

pelvic girdle

Answer 44

made up of os coxae (coxal bones) that meet posteriorly with the sacrum

Question 45

os coxae (coxal bone)

Answer 45

hip bones

Question 46

each coxal bone is made up of what?

Answer 46

ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 47

the _____ is often used to sex a skeleton

Answer 47

pelvis

Question 48

biological male pelvis

Answer 48

has a narrow pubic arch and pelvic brim, and a ventrally curved coccyx

Question 49

biological female pelvis

Answer 49

has a wide pubic arch, oval shaped pelvic brim and a straight coccyx

Question 50

the biological female pelvis has evolved to its maximum width for _____

Answer 50

childbirth

Question 51

sex-related skeletal features are not obvious in _____ bones

Answer 51

children’s

Question 52

differences in male and female pelvis’ become more defined following _____ and _____

Answer 52

puberty; sexual maturation

Question 53

human lower leg

Answer 53

made up of tibia and fibula