lab three: osteology - appendicular skeleton and joints Flashcards
diarthrotic joints
freely moveable joints that hold together a large proportion of the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton
diarthrosis
free movement
how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
articulations
locations in which two or more bones are joined together
cartilage and other types of connective tissue protect bones from _____ and depending on their arrangement, allow for _____
abrasion; movement
synarthroses
joints that do not allow for any movement
ex: sutures of the skull and epiphyseal lines
amphiarthroses
joints that allow for a little movement thanks to the give of connective tissue
ex: ligamentous connections between the tibia and fibula and pubic symphysis
synovial joints (diarthroses)
joints that have free movement thanks to joint capsules that contain synovial fluids
synovial
complex joints bound by joint capsule and containing synovial fluid
nonaxial synovial joints
permits translational movement (plane and gliding)
uniaxial synovial joints
permits movement in one plane (hinge and pivot)
ex: elbow and ankle joint
biaxial synovial joints
permits movement in two planes (condylar and saddle)
ex: metacarpophalangeal joint
multiaxial synovial joints
permits movement in three planes (ball and socket); permits a variety of movements
ex: shoulder and hip
plane joints (gliding joints)
common where flat articular surfaces, such as those in the wrist, slide by neighboring bones
ball-and-socket joints
occur where a spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped fossa of another bone, as in the joint between the humerus and the scapula
hinge joints
uniaxial joints, operating like a door hinge and are located in the elbows, fingers, and toes
pivot joints
uniaxial joints that permit one bone to rotate around another
the concave-to-convex spooning of articulating surfaces allows for _____
biaxial movement
condylar joints
characterized by a convex surface of one bone that articulates in a concave depression of another bone
saddle joints
biaxial joints that are found at the junction between the thumb metacarpus and the trapezium bone of the wrist
knee joint
a uniaxial synovial joint and a hinge joint because it allows for the flexion and extension of the lower leg
what parts are associated with the knee joint?
distal end of the femur, proximal ends of the tibia, patella
ligaments in the knee joint
small connections between bones that work together to stabilize the knee joint
the ligaments on the knee joint typically have two connections, where are they located?
one on each bone
common knee injuries
tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), meniscus, medial collateral ligament
what is the cause of tears on the knee joints?
ligaments being stretched beyond their capacity to hold the bone together, either because of hyperextension/hyperflexion or because of an outward force to the knee
the wide range of motion of synovial joints is attributed to the _____ between articulating bones
small joint cavity
epiphyses
capped with articular cartilage
articular cartilage
a slippery gelatinous surface of hyaline cartilage that protects the epiphyses and prevents the bones from making contact across the joint cavity
synovial membrane
a membrane that lines the cavity and produces synovial fluid
what can result from an injury to a joint?
inflammation of the membrane that leads to excessive fluid production
hip joint and shoulder joint
both are a multiaxial synovial joint and a ball-and-socket joint
coxal bone
ilium, ischium, pubis
the _____ is a great example of how important development is for joints to function properly
hip joint
if the head of the demur or the acetabulum do not develop properly, the movement provided by the joint is _____
changed
acetabulum development in infants
common for development to be too shallow causing hip dysplasia
hip dysplasia
when the acetabulum develops too shallow such that the head of the femur cannot fit properly inside the coxal bone
hip dysplasia can lead to what?
can cause the femur to dislocate from the hip very easily; in childhood this means that the hip will click when moved, but later in life the excessive friction can cause arthritis
shoulder joint
classified as a multiaxial synovial joint and a ball-and-socket joint because the head of the humerus is spherically shaped, and the glenoid cavity of the scapula that articulates with it is cup shaped
due to the wide range of movements needed for the shoulder to work properly, the connections of these ligaments go __________ of the joint
around the outside
what four muscles are especially well known for stabilizing the shoulder joint?
collectively called the rotator cuff muscles that surround the lateral head of the humerus
_____ produced by the rotator cuff muscles stabilize the head of the humerus within the glenoid cavity
tension
pectoral girdle
made up of the clavicle and scapula (components of the shoulder joint)
forearm
made up of the ulna and radius
pelvic girdle
made up of os coxae (coxal bones) that meet posteriorly with the sacrum
os coxae (coxal bone)
hip bones
each coxal bone is made up of what?
ilium, ischium, pubis
the _____ is often used to sex a skeleton
pelvis
biological male pelvis
has a narrow pubic arch and pelvic brim, and a ventrally curved coccyx
biological female pelvis
has a wide pubic arch, oval shaped pelvic brim and a straight coccyx
the biological female pelvis has evolved to its maximum width for _____
childbirth
sex-related skeletal features are not obvious in _____ bones
children’s
differences in male and female pelvis’ become more defined following _____ and _____
puberty; sexual maturation
human lower leg
made up of tibia and fibula
