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Anatomy and Physiology I > lab eight: introduction to the nervous system > Flashcards

lab eight: introduction to the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

if a motor response is initiated, it usually involves a series of _____ that produce a muscle contraction and a movement of one or more parts of the body

A

action potentials

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2
Q

reflexes

A

examples of a simple type of stimulus-response reaction

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3
Q

learned reflexes

A

result from repetition (example: driving)

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4
Q

inborn reflex

A

rapid, predictable, involuntary, and unlearned, motor response to a stimulus, and is a part of all our neural pathways

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5
Q

an inborn reflex to a painful stimulus can be so rapid that a response is generated _____ you even perceive the pain

A

before

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6
Q

many of the inborn reflexes are regulated by what?

A

spinal cord and brain stem

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7
Q

myotatic reflex

A

knee-jerk that occurs when tapped on the tendon under the kneecap

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8
Q

five parts of reflex arcs

A
  1. the receptor that senses the stimulus and initiates the signal
  2. a sensory neuron that carries afferent nerve impulses to the central nervous system
  3. an integration center where the signal is processed
  4. the motor neuron that carries efferent signals to the effector form the integration
  5. the effector such as a muscle or a gland which generates a response to the signal
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9
Q

simple monosynaptic reflex

A

a single synapse between a motor and sensory neuron serves as the integration center

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10
Q

polysynaptic reflexes

A

the integration center will include a few synapses and interneurons

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11
Q

the integration center for most reflexes is where?

A

in the central nervous system

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12
Q

somatic reflex

A

activates skeletal muscle

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13
Q

autonomic reflex

A

controls visceral effectors such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or a gland

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14
Q

_____. _____, or _____ reflexes indicate damage to the nervous system

A

distorted; exaggerated; absent

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15
Q

_____ and _____ reflexes help coordinate smooth movements of skeletal muscle groups

A

stretch; tendon

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16
Q

muscle spindles in skeletal muscle

A

convey information about muscle length or the amount of stretch

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17
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

convey information about tendon tension so that proper regulation of these reflexes takes place

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18
Q

tendon organs and muscles spindles are examples of what?

A

proprioceptors

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19
Q

proprioceptors

A

receptors that supply information to the central nervous system about the body’s position in space and how much a muscle has moved, or not moved, its insertion

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20
Q

_____ are sent to the antagonist muscle to signal for relaxation in the reciprocal muscle to prevent opposition to movement

A

inhibitory signals

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21
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

inhibit contraction; allows for contraction of the stretched muscle without impedance from the basal muscle tone of the opposing muscle

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22
Q

all stretch reflexes are _____ and _____ in the contracting portion of the pathway

A

involve motor activity on the same side of the body; monosynaptic

23
Q

ipsilateral

A

involve motor activity on the same side of the body

24
Q

monosynaptic

A

involves one synapse

25
Q

why is the patellar knee-jerk tested?

A

to determine if motor and sensory connections between the spinal cord and thigh muscles are functioning

26
Q

magnitude of the response indicated what?

A

level of inhibition being processed at the spinal cord

27
Q

exaggerated reflex

A

could indicate damage in the brain or spinal cord

28
Q

absent reflex

A

could indicate damage of the peripheral nerves

29
Q

stretch reflex

A

stimulates muscle contraction when muscle length is increased or the muscle is stretched

30
Q

tendon reflex

A

opposite response of causing muscles to relax in circumstances of high tendon tension

31
Q

“direct light” or pupillary reflex

A

involves four neurons that connect the retina to the mid-brain and then convey information back to the pupillary sphincter muscles

32
Q

what happens when light is focused upon the eye?

A

pupillary sphincter muscle in the iris constricts reducing the aperture (diameter) of the pupil + consensual light reflex

33
Q

consensual light reflex

A

pupillary sphincter muscle of the other eye constricts too when light is focused on one eye

34
Q

miosis

A

pupillary constriction (meiosis in greek means diminution)

35
Q

mydriasis

A

pupillary dilation

36
Q

plantar reflex

A

elicited by running a blunt object down the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot; indirectly indicates the functionality of the corticospinal tracts and directly indicated spinal cord integrity from L4 to S2

37
Q

Babinski’s sign

A

abnormal reflex displayed if corticospinal tract or primary motor cortex is impaired; instead of toes flexing, the great toe dorsiflexes and the other toes laterally fan

38
Q

where does a delay in reaction time occur?

A

synapses between the different neurons involved

39
Q

the nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are divided into what two groups?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

40
Q

what are the classifications of nerves?

A

motor, sensory, or both

41
Q

motor composition is primarily _____; however, there is some sensory activity due to _____

A

motor; proprioception

42
Q

epineurium

A

outer covering that wraps a nerve

43
Q

perineurium

A

beneath epineurium; separates the axons into bundles called fascicles

44
Q

endoneurium

A

inside a fascicle; surrounds each axon and isolates it from neighboring axons

45
Q

Schwann cells

A

forms myelin sheath insulation of axons in nerves of the peripheral nervous system

46
Q

what are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A

glial cells and neurons

47
Q

glial cells

A

supportive role in protecting and maintaining nerve tissue; they protect support and anchor neurons into place

48
Q

neurons

A

communication cells of the nervous system and are capable of propagating and transmitting electrical impulses

49
Q

glial cells in the central nervous system

A

involved in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in the ventricles in the brain and in the central canal of the spinal cord

50
Q

glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous system

A

isolate and support neurons with myelin to increase conduction velocity

51
Q

what are the four types of glial cells of the central nervous system?

A

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, aligodendrocytes

52
Q

what are the two types of glial cells in the peripheral nervous system?

A

satellite and Schwann cells

53
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (12 decks)

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