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Anatomy and Physiology I > lab nine: neurology - histology, brain anatomy and radiology > Flashcards

lab nine: neurology - histology, brain anatomy and radiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four regions of the brain?

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem

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2
Q

cerebrum

A

largest region of the brain and is divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

deep groove that divided the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

lateralization

A

specialization of cortical functions (differ in each cerebral hemispheres)

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5
Q

the cerebral hemispheres are covered with a _____ where neurons are not myelinated

A

folded cerebral cortex of grey matter

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6
Q

gyrus

A

fold in the cerebral cortex

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7
Q

sulcus

A

shallow groove in the cerebral cortex

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8
Q

corpus callosum

A

white matter that connects the cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

gray matter

A

forms the outer convoluted surface of the cerebral hemispheres and the foliated surface of the cerebellum

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10
Q

white matter

A

lies deep to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

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11
Q

cortical gray matter

A

made of multipolar neuron cell bodies and attendant dendrites

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12
Q

pyramidal cells

A

multipolar neurons that have a pyramid or triangular shaped body

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13
Q

what are the five layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

molecular layer, outer granular layer, outer pyramidal cell layer, inner granular layer, inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer

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14
Q

molecular layer

A

contains mainly dendrites synapsing with cortical neuron axons

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15
Q

outer granular layer

A

mostly made up of stellate cells, axons, and dendrites

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16
Q

outer pyramidal layer

A

mostly made up of pyramidal cells that increase in size as you move deeper into the layer

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17
Q

inner granular layer

A

mostly made of densely packed stellate cells

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18
Q

inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer

A

mostly composed of large pyramidal cells in the more superficial portion of the layer and a wide variety of cell morphologies in the deepest parts of the layer

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19
Q

diencephalon

A

consists of three paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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20
Q

thalamus

A

a relay station for incoming information, destined for higher brain areas such as the cerebral cortex

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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of sleep-wake cycles, and control of endocrine system functioning

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22
Q

_____ bodies are relay stations in the olfactory pathways

A

mammillary

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23
Q

infundibulum

A

a stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects to the pituitary gland

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24
Q

epithalamus

A

contains the pineal gland that secretes the hormone melatonin that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle

superior-most part of the diencephalon

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25
Q

pineal gland (pineal body)

A

located in the epithalamus; is under the control of a complex feedback loop with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus

secretes the hormone melatonin

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26
Q

melatonin

A

indoleamine derived from tryptophan; regulated circadian rhythms

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27
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata

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28
Q

cerebellum

A

primarily involved in the coordination of somatic motor function, primarily skeletal muscle contractions

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29
Q

learned muscle patterns, such as those used to play a piano, are _____ and _____ in the cerebellum

A

stored; processed

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30
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of complex movements (walking, piano playing, shooting a basketball)

31
Q

what are the three layers of the cerebellum?

A

molecular layer, intermediate layer, granular layer

32
Q

molecular layer of cerebellum

A

composed largely of unmyelinated fibers and scattered basket cells and stellate cells

33
Q

intermediate layer of cerebellum

A

laden with Purkinje cells

34
Q

granular layer of cerebellum

A

deepest layer rich in granule cells

35
Q

brain stem

A

collectively the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

36
Q

where is the midbrain located?

A

between the diencephalon and the pons

37
Q

midbrain

A

associated with inhibiting inappropriate muscle movements and dopamine signals here to ease that inhibition to allow for smooth movements

38
Q

where is the pons located?

A

between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

39
Q

pons

A

chiefly composed of conduction tracts between higher brain centers and the spinal cord or between the motor cortex and cerebellum

40
Q

medulla oblongata

A

most inferior part of the brain stem; has some control over the cardiovascular and respiratory system

41
Q

the _____ marks the dividing line between the mirrored right and left halves of the spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure

42
Q

gray matter of the spinal cord

A

butterfly-shaped region that is bilaterally symmetrical about the median fissure

43
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

surrounds the grey matter; composed of axonal tracts that propagate both afferent and efferent impulses, and from neurons on one side of the spinal cord to neurons on the other side (contralateral) and same side (ipsilateral), as well as axons that project into the ventral nerve roots

44
Q

olfactory nerve I

A

SENSORY: tiny sensory nerves of smell, which run from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulbs

45
Q

optic nerve II

A

SENSORY: sensory nerve of vision that develops as an outgrowth of the brain, so it is really a brain tract

46
Q

oculomotor nerve III

A

MOTOR: “eye mover” that supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit

47
Q

what are the four extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball?

A

inferior oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus

48
Q

trochlear nerve IV

A

MOTOR: “pulley” that innervates the superior oblique, and extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit, termed the trochlea

49
Q

trigeminal nerve V

A

BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR: three branched spring from this, the largest of the cranial nerves; supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles

50
Q

abducens nerve VI

A

MOTOR: nerve controls the lateral rectus

51
Q

facial nerve VII

A

BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR: large nerve that innervates muscles of facial expression

52
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

A

SENSORY: sensory nerve for hearing and balance

53
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve IX

A

BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR: “tongue and pharynx” that reveals the structures it innervates, primarily sensory to the throat

54
Q

vagus nerve X

A

BOTH SENSORY AND MOTOR: only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck to supply motor and sensory fibers to the visceral body organs of the thorax and abdomen

55
Q

spinal accessory nerve XI

A

MOTOR: primarily motor and supplies the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

56
Q

hypoglossal nerve XII

A

MOTOR: “under the tongue” that runs inferior to the tongue and innervates muscles of tongue

57
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

function as light pressure receptors of the dermis and are located within the dermal papillae just below the epidermal/dermal border

58
Q

axons branch to motor nerve endings (_____) between axons of motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers

A

neuromuscular junctions

59
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

(i.e. synapses) that provide targeted release of the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to the sarcolemma

60
Q

sarcolemma

A

motor endplate that is enriched with acetylcholine gated ion channels

61
Q

peripheral nerves

A

provide two-way communication (efferent and afferent) containing large numbers of bundled axons

62
Q

axons

A

bundled together by connective tissue with an organization reminiscent of the way striated muscle is bundled together

63
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds the nerve

64
Q

within the epineurium-bound region, axon clusters are bound into fascicles by _____

A

perineurium

65
Q

each individual axon within a fascicle is ensheathed by _____

A

endoneurium

66
Q

myelin sheaths

A

encase axons

67
Q

myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system are derived from glial cells called _____

A

Schwann cells

68
Q

Schwann cell _____ serves to insulate axons from one another

A

myelination

69
Q

nodes and Ranvier

A

unmyelinated gaps between Schwann cells that allow action potentials to jump from node to node

70
Q

saltatory

A

“jumping” conduction that increases action potential velocity

71
Q

arachnoid matter

A

middle of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord

72
Q

dura matter

A

the outer meninge and the pia mater meninge found clinging to the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with cerebrospinal fluid and houses blood vessels that supply the brain

Anatomy and Physiology I (12 decks)

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