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Biological Sciences 121 > Lab Practical > Flashcards

Lab Practical Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Questions
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Predictions
  5. Testing
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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement that provides a possible explanation for an observation

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3
Q

Prediction

A

A prediction is a guess what might happen based on observation.

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4
Q

Independent Variable

A

is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment (x-axis)

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5
Q

Dependent Variable

A

It is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. (y-axis)

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6
Q

What are the two basic types of microscopes?

A

Light and electron(electromagnentic) microscopes

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7
Q

Magnification of a microscope

A

It makes objects larger

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8
Q

Resolution of a microscope

A

Is the ability to distinguish fine detail

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9
Q

The contrast of a microscope

A

It helps make an image easier to see because the contrast is the difference between light and dark areas

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10
Q

Resolving Power

A

Is the ability to distinguish two adjacent points as distinct and separate

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11
Q

Light Microscopes

A

Light microscopes use glass lenses and light. The highest resolution is 0.2 micrometers

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12
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

They use an electron beam focused by magnets to illuminate a specimen.

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

is the process of random movement toward a state of equilibrium

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14
Q

What does diffusion do?

A
  1. They have molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
  2. can occur in any medium (liquid, solid, gas)
  3. Doesn’t require a semipermeable membrane
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15
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of a solvent across a selective permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration

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16
Q

What does osmosis do?

A
  1. Can only occur in liquid
  2. requires a semipermeable membrane
  3. movement seeks to equalize solvent concentration (although it doesn’t achieve it)
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17
Q

What are the 3 terms used to compare solute concentrations of 2 solutions separated by a membrane?

A
  1. Hypertonic
  2. Isotonic
  3. Hypotonic
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18
Q

Hypertonic

A

The solution has a higher solute concentration than the other solution

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19
Q

Isotonic

A

The solution has an equal solute concentration

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20
Q

Hypotonic

A

The solution has lower solute concentration than other solution

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21
Q

What is a selective permeable barrier?

A

It blocks some substances while permits other substances to enter a cell

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22
Q

What is the basic structure of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  1. It has a cell membrane
  2. Lacks membrane-bound organelles
  3. Have nucleoid, where their chromosomes are organized
  4. have circular chromosomes
  5. Have ribosome
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23
Q

What do all cells have?

A

They all have a plasma membrane, a cytoskeleton, and ribosomes

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24
Q

What do all eukaryotic cell have?

A
  1. They have a nucleus
  2. They have a linear chromosome
  3. They are 10-100 times bigger than prokaryotic cells
  4. They contain membrane bound organelles that perform a certain function
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25
Q

Catalysts

A

Are substances that speed up reactions without being permanently altered

26
Q

Enzymes

A

Are biological catalysts that are mostly protein, except RNA molecules, called ribozymes

27
Q

Substrate

A

Are reactants that bind to a specific site on the enzyme

28
Q

Active Site

A

A specific site on the enzyme where the reaction occurs

29
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)

A

The binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme that are held together by H-bonding, electrical attraction, or temporary covalent bond

30
Q

Substrate concentration affects what?

A

It affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

31
Q

What affects enzymes speed?

A
  1. Warming increases rates of chemical reactions, but if the temperature is too high, non-covalent bonds can break and inactivate enzymes
  2. pH levels
32
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Is the process of capturing energy from sunlight

33
Q

Light-dependent reactions

A

Are enzymes that only work in light and convert light energy into chemical energy (in ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH)

34
Q

Light-independent reactions

A

It uses the ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reaction along with CO2 to produce carbohydrates

35
Q

Light

A

Is a form of electromagnetic radiation, which travels as a wave but also behaves as particles

36
Q

How many ATP can be made in the Calvin cycle?

A

54 ATP

37
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Is the set of metabaolic reactions used by cells to harvest energy from food. It is a catabolic pathway and glucose is oxidized

38
Q

What is the general equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = 6O2 + carbohydrate

39
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

A set of chemical reactions that releases energy from life’s molecule by using O2

40
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

A set of chemical reactions that extract energy without O2

41
Q

How many ATPs are made during one aerobic respiration?

A

32 ATPs

42
Q

How many ATPs are created during fermentation?

A

2 ATPs

43
Q

Anaerobic Fermentation

A

is the process of energy production in the absence of oxygen.

44
Q

What is Paper chromatography?

A

It is a method that is used to separate the different pigments involved in photosynthesis

45
Q

What are the two groups of pigments in photosynthetic organisms?

A
  1. Chlorophyll A and B pigment

2. Carotenoid pigment

46
Q

Carotenoid Pigments

A

Are accessory pigments that absorbs wavelengths of light between the red and blue wavelengths, and transfer a portion of that energy to the chlorophylls

47
Q

Chlorophyll A

A

Is the primary pigment of photosynthesis and absorbs orange-red and blue-violet light

48
Q

Chlorophyll B

A

Is the accessory pigment of photosynthesis and is not necessary for photosynthesis to occur and absorbs blue light

49
Q

Mitosis

A

ne nucleus produces two daughter nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus and the products are identical to each other

50
Q

Gene Flow

A

Migration or mating of individuals between populations that introduces variation

51
Q

Genetic Drift

A

is a mechanism of evolution in which allele frequencies of a population change over generations due to chance (sampling error). It is faster in smaller population

52
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when new individuals that find a new place to live and colonize (special bottleneck)

53
Q

Population Bottlenecks

A

occur when a random disaster occurs and a few individuals survives (passes through a narrow neck of a bottle)

54
Q

Allele Frequencies

A

refers to how common an allele is in a population. It is determined by counting how many times the allele appears in the population then dividing by the total number of copies of the gene.

55
Q

Genotype Frequencies

A

shows how a population’s genetic variation is distributed among its members

56
Q

shows how a population’s genetic variation is distributed among its members

A

Acts to reduce variation without changing the mean value of a trait (birth weight)

57
Q

Directional selection

A

Acts to shift the mean value of a trait toward one extreme ( Texas Longhorn cattle)

58
Q

Disruptive selection

A

favors both extremes of trait values, resulting in a bimodal character distribution ( bill size in the black-bellied seedcracker of West Africa.)

59
Q

The genotype of an organism

A

Is the listing of the two alleles for each trait that it possesses

60
Q

The phenotype of an organism

A

Is a description of the way a trait is displayed in structure, behavior, or physiology of the organism

Biological Sciences 121 (20 decks)

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