Chapter 17: Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

Lineage

A

Is a series of ancestors and descendant population

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2
Q

Speciation

A

is the process by which new species form. It occurs when groups in a species become reproductively isolated and diverge

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3
Q

Species Concept

A

How biologists define a species form

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4
Q

How many ways are there to define species?

A

There are 27 ways

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5
Q

Who is Carl Linnaeus?

A

He is the father of modern taxonomy

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6
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

is the formal naming system for living things that all scientists use. It includes Genus + species

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7
Q

Biological species concept

A

organisms belong to the same species if they can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring

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8
Q

What are the limits of the biological species concept?

A

doesn’t include asexual reproduction
Can’t breed with other groups
Ignores the fact of hybridization

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9
Q

Morphological Species Concept

A

Where a group of individuals looks the same

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10
Q

allopatric speciation

A

When physical barriers pop up between an ancestral species and make the species evolve into separate species

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11
Q

sympatric speciation

A

groups from the same ancestral population evolve into separate species without any geographical separation

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12
Q

What are the limits of the morphological species concept?

A

doesn’t take account of genes

doesn’t accept the same species if they look different

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13
Q

Operational Definition

A

A checklist of things in order to make something true

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14
Q

Species

A

Groups of organisms that mate with one another

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15
Q

What is the most important factor in the long-term isolation of sexually reproducing lineages from one another is what?

A

It is the evolution of reproductive isolation

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16
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

A state in which two groups of organisms can no longer exchange genes

17
Q

What is the Dobzhansky-Muller model?

A

It describes how reproductive isolation between two descendant lineages can develop through the accumulation of incompatible genes/chromosomal arrangements

18
Q

Reproductive isolation does what?

A

It increases with an increasing genetic divergence between populations

19
Q

Polyploidy

A

Duplication of sets of chromosomes within individuals

20
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

Duplication of sets of chromosomes within the same species

21
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Combines the chromosomes of 2 different species

22
Q

What animals can form polyploid reproduction?

A

Some types of fish: salmon and trout

23
Q

What are the two mechanisms to prevent hybrids?

A

Prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms

24
Q

Prezygotic Isolation Mechanism

A

It prevents hybridization through three different forms

25
Postzygotic Isolation Mechanism
Prevents hybrid offspring from surviving and reduce reproduction rates through three different mechanisms
26
What are the three different ways to prevent hybridization?
1. Mechanical Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation 3. Behavioral Isolation
27
What is Mechanical Isolation?
is a form of reproductive isolation that prevents two different species from interbreeding with one another (hyenas)
28
What is Temporal Isolation?
is when species that could interbreed do not because the different species breed at different times
29
What is Behavioral Isolation?
Where individuals may reject/fail to recognize individuals of other species as potential mating partners
30
What are the three methods to prevent hybrid offspring from surviving and reproducing?
1. Low hybrid zygote viability 2. low hybrid adult viability 3. Hybrid infertility
31
What is low hybrid zygote viability?
refers to a lower potential to survive for organisms whose parents have incompatible genetics
32
What is low hybrid adult viability?
Prevents hybrids from maturing into reproductive adults because the hybrids will die before sexual maturity
33
What is hybrid infertility
hybrid offsprings that develop normally and reach sexual maturity, however, they're sterile