Chapter 17: Speciation

Question 1

Lineage

Answer 1

Is a series of ancestors and descendant population

Question 2

Speciation

Answer 2

is the process by which new species form. It occurs when groups in a species become reproductively isolated and diverge

Question 3

Species Concept

Answer 3

How biologists define a species form

Question 4

How many ways are there to define species?

Answer 4

There are 27 ways

Question 5

Who is Carl Linnaeus?

Answer 5

He is the father of modern taxonomy

Question 6

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 6

is the formal naming system for living things that all scientists use. It includes Genus + species

Question 7

Biological species concept

Answer 7

organisms belong to the same species if they can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring

Question 8

What are the limits of the biological species concept?

Answer 8

doesn’t include asexual reproduction
Can’t breed with other groups
Ignores the fact of hybridization

Question 9

Morphological Species Concept

Answer 9

Where a group of individuals looks the same

Question 10

allopatric speciation

Answer 10

When physical barriers pop up between an ancestral species and make the species evolve into separate species

Question 11

sympatric speciation

Answer 11

groups from the same ancestral population evolve into separate species without any geographical separation

Question 12

What are the limits of the morphological species concept?

Answer 12

doesn’t take account of genes

doesn’t accept the same species if they look different

Question 13

Operational Definition

Answer 13

A checklist of things in order to make something true

Question 14

Species

Answer 14

Groups of organisms that mate with one another

Question 15

What is the most important factor in the long-term isolation of sexually reproducing lineages from one another is what?

Answer 15

It is the evolution of reproductive isolation

Question 16

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 16

A state in which two groups of organisms can no longer exchange genes

Question 17

What is the Dobzhansky-Muller model?

Answer 17

It describes how reproductive isolation between two descendant lineages can develop through the accumulation of incompatible genes/chromosomal arrangements

Question 18

Reproductive isolation does what?

Answer 18

It increases with an increasing genetic divergence between populations

Question 19

Polyploidy

Answer 19

Duplication of sets of chromosomes within individuals

Question 20

Autopolyploidy

Answer 20

Duplication of sets of chromosomes within the same species

Question 21

Allopolyploidy

Answer 21

Combines the chromosomes of 2 different species

Question 22

What animals can form polyploid reproduction?

Answer 22

Some types of fish: salmon and trout

Question 23

What are the two mechanisms to prevent hybrids?

Answer 23

Prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 24

Prezygotic Isolation Mechanism

Answer 24

It prevents hybridization through three different forms

Question 25

Postzygotic Isolation Mechanism

Answer 25

Prevents hybrid offspring from surviving and reduce reproduction rates through three different mechanisms

Question 26

What are the three different ways to prevent hybridization?

Answer 26

1. Mechanical Isolation
2. Temporal Isolation
3. Behavioral Isolation

Question 27

What is Mechanical Isolation?

Answer 27

is a form of reproductive isolation that prevents two different species from interbreeding with one another (hyenas)

Question 28

What is Temporal Isolation?

Answer 28

is when species that could interbreed do not because the different species breed at different times

Question 29

What is Behavioral Isolation?

Answer 29

Where individuals may reject/fail to recognize individuals of other species as potential mating partners

Question 30

What are the three methods to prevent hybrid offspring from surviving and reproducing?

Answer 30

1. Low hybrid zygote viability
2. low hybrid adult viability
3. Hybrid infertility

Question 31

What is low hybrid zygote viability?

Answer 31

refers to a lower potential to survive for organisms whose parents have incompatible genetics

Question 32

What is low hybrid adult viability?

Answer 32

Prevents hybrids from maturing into reproductive adults because the hybrids will die before sexual maturity

Question 33

What is hybrid infertility

Answer 33

hybrid offsprings that develop normally and reach sexual maturity, however, they’re sterile