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Biological Sciences 121 > Chapter 2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Chemistry and Energy of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that contains only one kind of atom

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2
Q

Mass Number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

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3
Q

Electron Shells

A

Electron orbits

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4
Q

Octet Rule

A

states an atom will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration of 8 outermost shell

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5
Q

Valence Shell

A

Outermost shell

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6
Q

Chemical Bond

A

An attractive force that links 2 atoms together in a molecule

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7
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Form when 2 atoms attain stable electron numbers in their outermost shells by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

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8
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

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9
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

When 2 atoms of unequal electronegativity bond with each other and are formed

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10
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Is the electromagnetic attraction between polar molecules in which hydrogen is bound to a larger atom (oxygen or nitrogen)

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11
Q

Solvent

A

A liquid in which other molecules dissolve

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12
Q

Heat Capacity

A

Multiple hydrogen bonds that shields living things from fluctuating temperature from the environment

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13
Q

Cohesion

A

The capacity of water molecules to resist coming apart under tension

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14
Q

Adhesion

A

Refers to substances sticking onto other substances

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15
Q

Hydrophilic

A

(“Water-loving”) in aqueous solutions, polar molecules become separated from one another and are surrounded by water molecules

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16
Q

Hydrophobic

A

(“Water-fearing”) for nonpolar molecules, they stick together in water

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17
Q

Ion

A

Is an electrically charged particles that form when an atom gain or lose more electrons in order to form more stable electron configuration

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18
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ions

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19
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ions

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20
Q

Ionic Attractions

A

They form when ions with the opposite charges attract

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21
Q

Functional Groups

A

Are covalently bonded groups of atoms that confer specific properties to biological molecules

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22
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules formed by the covalent linkage between smaller molecules (monomers). Also, polymers are formed and broken apart in reactions involving water

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A large group of molecules that all have similar atomic compositions but differ greatly in size, chemical properties, and biological functions

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24
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars

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25
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Contain several monosaccharides and are polysaccharides and are bound together by glycosidic linkages

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26
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Large and long polymers of monosaccharides that store energy and provide structural materials

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27
Q

Amylose

A

linear chain of repeated alpha-glucose monomer

28
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched chain of repeated alpha-glucose monomer

29
Q

Cellulose

A

Another polymer of glucose

30
Q

Lipid

A

(Fats and oils) fat and fat-like hydrophobic molecules such as waxes, sterols, and fats. They are insoluble in water because of many nonpolar covalent bonds and are held by weak Van de Waal bonds

31
Q

Triglycerides

A

Most common units of lipids and also known as simple lipids

32
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

all bonds between carbon atoms are sing and are saturated with hydrogens. They form rigid and straight molecules packed tightly together

33
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Hydrocarbon chains contain one or more double-deck bonds. They cause kinks (which determines fluidity and melting point of lipid) in the chain and prevent molecules from packing together tightly

34
Q

Phospholipids

A

Are made up of 2 fatty acids (long chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules which are attached to glycerol head)

35
Q

Condensation

A

Removal of water links monomers together (also called a dehydration reaction)

36
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Addition of water breaks a polymer into monomers

37
Q

What are the components of an atom?

A

Protons, Neutrons, and electrons

38
Q

What part of an atom overall has a negative charge?

A

Electrons

39
Q

What part of an atom have a positive charge?

A

Protons

40
Q

What part of an atom have no charge?

A

Neutrons

41
Q

What 6 elements are in the 98% of the mass of every living organism?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Phosphorus
  4. Oxygen
  5. Hydrogen
  6. Sulfur
42
Q

Valence Shells

A

The electrons that occupy the outermost shell of an atom

43
Q

How many electrons can fit in the 1st shell?

A

2

44
Q

How many electrons can fit in the 2nd shell?

A

8

45
Q

How many electrons can fit in the 3rd shell?

A

18

46
Q

How many electrons can fit in the 4th and susequential shells?

A

up to 32

47
Q

Van de Waal bond

A

Interactions of electrons of nonpolar substances

48
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Attraction of opposite charges

49
Q

Hydrophobic Bond

A

Interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances (especially in water)

50
Q

Why is carbon so special?

A

Carbons have the unique capability of forming large networks of covalently bonded atoms

51
Q

What are the 4 kinds of macromolecules are characteristic of living things?

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. nucleic acids
  4. lipids
52
Q

What are proteins formed from?

A

They are formed from different combinations of 20 amino acids that all chemical similarities

53
Q

What are carbohydrates formed from?

A

They are giant molecules formed by linking similar chemical sugar monomers

54
Q

What are nucleic acids formed from?

A

They are formed from 4 kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together in long chains

55
Q

What are lipids formed from?

A

they are formed from a limited set of smaller molecules (non-covalent forces maintain the interaction between lipid monomers)

56
Q

What are the 4 major biochemical roles of carbohydrate?

A
  1. They are a source of energy that can be released in a form that organisms can use
  2. They are used to transport stored energy within a complex organism
  3. They function as structural molecules that give many organisms their shapes
  4. They serve as recognition//signaling molecules that can trigger specific biological responses
57
Q

What is starch?

A

Primary storage units of carbohydrates in plants and is made from linear and branched chains of glucose

58
Q

Glycosidic Linkages

A

Monosaccharides are covalently bonded by condensation reactions

59
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A form of glucose storage in animals and is in a more highly branched form

60
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Another polymer of glucose that can’t be eaten due to glycosidic linkage arranged in a stable way, making it harder to breakdown

61
Q

What are triglycerides made of?

A

3 fatty acid molecules and 1 glycerole molecule

62
Q

Amphipathic

A

They have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic tail. They are commonly seen in fatty acids

63
Q

What do fatty acids consist of?

A

A long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain attached to the polar carboxyl (-COOH) group

64
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

They form a bilayer which is a sheet of 2 molecules thick with water excluded from the core

65
Q

What is different about Archaea’s membrane?

A

The phospholipids are based on isoprene, rather than fatty acids

Biological Sciences 121 (20 decks)

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