Chapter 10: Gene Expression Flashcards
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
It describes the flow of heritable information by showing the replication of DNA goes through transcription to RNA and then gets translated to proteins (amino acids)
What is Molecular Biology
It is the study of nucleic acids and proteins, and it often focuses on gene expression
What happens during transcription?
The information in a DNA sequence (a gene) is copied into a complementary RNA sequence ( A,C,G,U)
What happens during Translation?
This RNA sequence is used to create the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide and is the process of creating proteins from an mRNA template
Heredity
Is the transmission of DNA (RNA in many viruses) from an organism to its progeny (decedents)
Chromosomes
Are large molecules of DNA containing genes: circular in Prokaryotes and linear in eukaryotes
Genes
Are sequences of DNA that forms a functional unit on a chromosome and encodes for a protein or a functional RNA
Locus/Loci
Are the physical location of a gene on a chromosome
RNA Polymerase
Is a protein complex that builds RNA out of the ribonucleic tide
What are the three types of RNA in protein synthesis?
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) and transcription
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and translation
- Transfer RNA mediates between mRNA and protein
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code “words,” each of which specifies a particular amino acid
Ribosome
Is essentially a protein synthesis factory with multiple proteins
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. These complex structures, which physically move along an mRNA molecule, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into protein chains.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
is the key to deciphering the code words in mRNA. Each type of amino acid has its own type of tRNA, which binds it and carries it to the growing end of a polypeptide chain if the next code word on mRNA calls for it.
What are the three steps of Transcription?
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
Promoter
Is a special DNA sequence to which the RNA polymerase binds very tightly. They are control sequences that “tell” the RNA polymerase where to start transcription and which of the two DNA strands to transcribe