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Biological Sciences 121 > Chapter 4: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

Was developed in 19th century, and is recognized as the basic fact about life

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of Cell theory

A
  1. Cells are fundamental units of life
  2. All living organisms are composed of cells
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells
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3
Q

What is the volume of a cell?

A

The volume of a cell determines its rate of metabolic activity

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4
Q

What is the surface area of a cell?

A

The surface area of a cell determines the rate at which of substances can enter or leave a cell

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5
Q

Light Microscopes

A

Light microscopes use glass lenses and light. The highest resolution is 0.2 micrometers

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6
Q

Electron microscopes

A

They use an electron beam focused by magnets to illuminate a specimen.

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7
Q

What does scanning electron microscope show?

A

It shows surface features

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8
Q

What does transmission electron microscope show?

A

It shows internal details

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9
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Cell membrane

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10
Q

What is selective permeable barrier?

A

It blocks some substances while permits other substances to enter a cell

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11
Q

What does cell membrane do and have?

A
  1. It is important in communication and receiving signals

2. Cell membrane have proteins that protrude from the membrane to bind and adhere to adjacent cells or to a surface

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12
Q

What is the basic structure of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  1. It has a cell membrane
  2. Lacks membrane-bound organelles
  3. Have nucleoid, where their chromosomes are organized
  4. have circular chromosomes
  5. Have ribosome
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13
Q

What do all cells have?

A

They all have a plasma membrane, a cytoskeleton, and ribosomes

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14
Q

What are the two broad categories of bacteria-based pn early staining?

A

Gram positive and Gram negative

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15
Q

Gram positive

A

Plasma membrane surrounded by a thick peptidoglycan layer (a polymer of carbohydrates)

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16
Q

Gram negative

A

Plasma membrane surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer layer

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17
Q

What do all eukaryotic cell have?

A

They have a nucleus
They have a linear chromosome
They are 10-100 times bigger than prokaryotic cells
They contain membrane bound organelles that perform a certain function

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18
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A
  1. It is the site of DNA storage and is the place where DNA is replicated and transcribed (RNA)
  2. It contains nucleolus
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19
Q

Nucleolus

A

A darkly stained region where ribosomes begin to be assembled from RNA and proteins

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20
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

It is surrounded by 2 membranes that form the nuclear envelope

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21
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

is composed of 2 double lipid bilayer that has a nuclear pore complex which is made of 456 proteins

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22
Q

What does the nuclear pore complex do?

A
  1. It decides what goes in and out of a cell

2. It controls movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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23
Q

What does a nucleus do with DNA?

A

The DNA inside a nucleus combines with proteins to form chromatin in long, thin threads of nucleic acids called chromosomes

24
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Is a group of interrelated organelles of a cell

25
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Is a network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm with a large surface area

26
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic reticulum? (ER)

A

Rough ER and smooth ER

27
Q

Rough ER

A

Is the site of much protein synthesis, which occurs on ribosomes on its surface, which transport across a membrane

28
Q

Smooth ER

A

Is where proteins and other molecules are chemically modified

29
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Is composed of flattened sacs (cristernae) and small enclosed vesicles

30
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A
  1. It concentrates, packages, and sorts protein before they’re sent to their cellular or extracellular destinations
  2. They add or remove carbohydrates or proteins
  3. Add sulfate groups and add signal peptides
31
Q

Lysosomes

A

They originate from the Golgi apparatus

32
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  1. Contain hydrolases (digestive enzymes) that can break down macromolecules into smaller monomers
  2. break down viruses and bacteria
  3. involves in other cell processes including secretion, plasma membrane repair, cell signaling, and cellular metabolism
33
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Plural of mitochondria and are the cell’s energy source

34
Q

What’s in the mitochondria structure?

A

They are bound by 2 lipid membranes

35
Q

Mitochondria outer membrane

A

They have large pores, and most substances can pass through it

36
Q

Mitochondria inner membrane

A

They have extensive folds called cristae to increase surface area.

37
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Is the fluid inside the mitochondria inner membrane and contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes

38
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contains the green pigment chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

39
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy

40
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

It is enclosed within 2 membranes

41
Q

Vacuoles

A

A space within the cytoplasm of a cell, which is mainly found in plants and fungi

42
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles?

A
  1. Stores poisonous and distasteful waste that may deter herbivores
  2. Water enters the vacuole by osmosis, creating a turgor pressor
43
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

Is the force within a cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

44
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Is composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments that support the cell and is involved in cell and organelle movement

45
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. support the cell and maintains its shape
  2. holds cell organelles and other particles in position within the cell
  3. Moves organelles and other particles around within the cell
  4. Is involved with movements of the cytoplasm called cytoplasmic streaming
  5. Interacts with extracellular structures, anchoring it in place
46
Q

What are the three components that make the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
47
Q

Microfilaments

A

Are made up of many linked monomers of a protein called actins

48
Q

What are the 2 major roles of microfilaments?

A
  1. Help the entire cell or parts of a cell to move (pseudopodia = false feet)
  2. Determine and stabilize cell shape
  3. cytoplasma streaming = move cytoplasm in a cell
  4. cytokinesis = cell division
49
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Are the type of cytoskeleton that are diverse and stable, made of multiple strands of fibrous protein wound together.

50
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. They anchor cell structures in place
  2. maintain nuclear position in cell
  3. help maintain cell rigidity
51
Q

Microtubules

A

are long, hollow, and unbranched cylinders

52
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A
  1. Form a rigid internal skeleton for some cells or cell region
  2. Act as a framework along which motor proteins can move structures within the cell
  3. Are the main structural component of cilia and flagella
53
Q

Cilia

A

are short and usually have many present, move with stiff power stroke and recovery stroke (Basically swimming with multiple legs and arms)

54
Q

Flagella

A

Have longer and usually one or two present, undulating movement (can push or pull the cell through its aqueous environment)

55
Q

Microtubule doublet

A

They have 9 pairs of fused microtubules on outside and 2 unfused inner microtubules

56
Q

What are the 3 major roles of the plant cell wall?

A
  1. provide rigid support for the cell and limits volume
  2. Act as a barrier to infection
  3. Contributes to form during growth and development

Biological Sciences 121 (20 decks)

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